Maternal psychological distress in primary care and association with child behavioural outcomes at age three

Observational studies indicate children whose mothers have poor mental health are at increased risk of socio-emotional behavioural difficulties, but it is unknown whether these outcomes vary by the mothers’ mental health recognition and treatment status. To examine this question, we analysed linked longitudinal primary care and research data from 1078 women enrolled in the Born in Bradford cohort. A latent class analysis of treatment status and self-reported distress broadly categorised women as (a) not having a common mental disorder (CMD) that persisted through pregnancy and the first 2 years after delivery (N = 756, 70.1 %), (b) treated for CMD (N = 67, 6.2 %), or (c) untreated (N = 255, 23.7 %). Compared to children of mothers without CMD, 3-year-old children with mothers classified as having untreated CMD had higher standardised factor scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (d = 0.32), as did children with mothers classified as having treated CMD (d = 0.27). Results were only slightly attenuated in adjusted analyses. Children of mothers with CMD may be at risk for socio-emotional and behavioural difficulties. The development of effective treatments for CMD needs to be balanced by greater attempts to identify and treat women. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0777-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Adolescent Self-Organization and Adult Smoking and Drinking over Fifty Years of Follow-Up:The British 1946 Birth Cohort

Variations in markers of adolescent self-organization predict a range of economic and health-related outcomes in general population studies. Using a population-based birth cohort study we investigated associations between adolescent self-organization and two common factors over adulthood influencing health, smoking and alcohol consumption. The MRC National Survey of Health and Development (the British 1946 birth cohort) was used to test associations between a dimensional measure of adolescent self-organization derived from teacher ratings, and summary longitudinal measures of smoking and alcohol consumption over the ensuing five decades. Multinomial regression models were adjusted for sex, adolescent emotional and conduct problems, occupational social class of origin, childhood cognition, educational attainment and adult occupational social class. With all covariates adjusted, higher adolescent self-organization was associated with fewer smoking pack years, although not with quitting; there was no association with alcohol consumption across adulthood (none or heavy compared with light to moderate). Adolescent self-organization appears to be protective against smoking, but not against heavy alcohol consumption. Interpretation of this differential effect should be embedded in an understanding of the social and sociodemographic context in which these health behaviours occur over time

Incidence of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses in England, 1950–2009: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses

Background We conducted a systematic review of incidence rates in England over a sixty-year period to determine the extent to which rates varied along accepted (age, sex) and less-accepted epidemiological gradients (ethnicity, migration and place of birth and upbringing, time). Objectives To determine variation in incidence of several psychotic disorders as above. Data Sources Published and grey literature searches (MEDLINE, PSycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, ASSIA, HMIC), and identification of unpublished data through bibliographic searches and author communication. Study Eligibility Criteria Published 1950–2009; conducted wholly or partially in England; original data on incidence of non-organic adult-onset psychosis or one or more factor(s) pertaining to incidence. Participants People, 16–64 years, with first -onset psychosis, including non-affective psychoses, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression and substance-induced psychosis. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Title, abstract and full-text review by two independent raters to identify suitable citations. Data were extracted to a standardized extraction form. Descriptive appraisals of variation in rates, including tables and forest plots, and where suitable, random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions to test specific hypotheses; rate heterogeneity was assessed by the I2-statistic. Results 83 citations met inclusion. Pooled incidence of all psychoses (N = 9) was 31.7 per 100,000 person-years (95%CI: 24.6–40.9), 23.2 (95%CI: 18.3–29.5) for non-affective psychoses (N = 8), 15.2 (95%CI: 11.9–19.5) for schizophrenia (N = 15) and 12.4 (95%CI: 9.0–17.1) for affective psychoses (N = 7). This masked rate heterogeneity (I2: 0.54–0.97), possibly explained by socio-environmental factors; our review confirmed (via meta-regression) the typical age-sex interaction in psychosis risk, including secondary peak onset in women after 45 years. Rates of most disorders were elevated in several ethnic minority groups compared with the white (British) population. For example, for schizophrenia: black Caribbean (pooled RR: 5.6; 95%CI: 3.4–9.2; N = 5), black African (pooled RR: 4.7; 95%CI: 3.3–6.8; N = 5) and South Asian groups in England (pooled RR: 2.4; 95%CI: 1.3–4.5; N = 3). We found no evidence to support an overall change in the incidence of psychotic disorder over time, though diagnostic shifts (away from schizophrenia) were reported. Limitations Incidence studies were predominantly cross-sectional, limiting causal inference. Heterogeneity, while evidencing important variation, suggested pooled estimates require interpretation alongside our descriptive systematic results. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings Incidence of psychotic disorders varied markedly by age, sex, place and migration status/ethnicity. Stable incidence over time, together with a robust socio-environmental epidemiology, provides a platform for developing prediction models for health service planning

Solid-phase extraction of technetium-amine complexes onto C-18 silica and its application to the isolation of Tc-99

The extraction of Tc-tripentylamine complexes onto C-18 silica solid-phase extraction columns is evaluated for the selective removal of Tc-99 from other isotopes. The Tc-amine complex-is quantitatively extracted from sulfuric acid and can be recovered from the column by elution with dilute alkali. A clean separation of Tc from all likely contaminants, including Ru, is achieved showing that C-18 silica solid-phase extraction columns are a viable and attractive alternative to the solvent extraction of Tc-99

Northeastern Pacific oxygen minimum zone variability over the past 70 kyr: Impact of biological production and oceanic ventilation

International audienceDuring the last glacial period, the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) within the northeastern Pacific Ocean strengthened and weakened on a millennial time scale, demonstrating a tight linkage with northern high latitude climate, although the precise mechanisms responsible remain unknown. Core MD02-2508, retrieved off Baja California, was analyzed for major and trace elements (Br, Ca, Ti, Fe, Mn, and Sr) using a XRF scanner and redox-sensitive trace elements (Cu, Ni, Cd, As, V, Cr, Mo, and U) using the ICP-MS. The trace element content, the Fe/Ti ratio, and Br-based organic carbon exhibit higher values during the Holocene and during warm Dansgaard-Oeschger events than during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), stadials, and Heinrich (H) events. A principal component analysis of the element/Al ratio indicated that the following two main factors controlled the chemical composition of the sediments: (1) export production, as represented by organic carbon, that was lower during cold periods; and (2) regional intermediate water oxygenation, as represented by U and Mo variability, that was not supported by a change in export production. The latter suggests that intermediate water oxygenation improved during H events, but slightly deteriorated during late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and MIS 2. A local biogeochemical effect, forced by atmospheric processes, impacted the LGM and H events in the same manner. Whereas regional intermediate oceanic circulation varied in an opposite manner during the LGM and H events, possibly as a result of the global reorganization of intermediate water circulation during the LGM

The importance of sequential partial melting and fractional crystallization in the generation of syn-D3 Variscan two-mica granites from the Carrazeda de Ansiães area, northern Portugal

In the Carrazeda de Ansiães region, northern Portugal, a mesozonal granitic suite intruded Precambrian to Ordovician metasedimentary rocks during the late kinematic stages of the Variscan orogeny. In this multiphase granitic complex, consisting of ten granite types, the youngest group of two-mica granites (G7–G10) was emplaced between 318 ± 1 Ma and 316.2 ± 0.7 Ma, as determined by ID-TIMS U–Pb on zircon and monazite. Granite types G7–G9 were affected by the third phase of deformation (D 3) before they were completely crystallized, as indicated by their internal NW–SE magmatic foliation concordant with the regional structures. The granite type G10 shows some distinctive textural features, showing a strong brittle deformation, probably due to its preferential emplacement in late NNE-SSW fault zones. Granites G7–G9 have equal or higher amounts of muscovite than biotite and contain surmicaceous enclaves, xenoliths, “schlieren”, and, more rarely, microgranular enclaves. The muscovite-dominant granite G10 does not contain enclaves. These Variscan granites are peraluminous, with ASI ranging between 1.22 and 1.39 and normative corundum of 2.79–4.39%, having the characteristics of S-type granites. In fact, the enrichment in LREE relatively to HREE, the negative Eu anomalies, and similar mean values of ( 87Sr/ 86Sr) i, εNd t and δ 18O for G7 (0.7156 ± 0.0005; − 8.5; 11.49 ‰) and G8 (0.7155 ± 0.0007; − 8.4; 11.39 ‰) show that these two granite types resulted from sequential partial melting of the same metasedimentary material, where granite G8 would have derived from a higher degree of partial melting than G7. Granites G8–G10 and their minerals show a fractionation trend that is confirmed by modeling of major and trace elements. The subparallel REE patterns and the decreasing REE contents within the differentiation series, the Rb–Sr isochron for G8, G9 and G10 (315.5 ± 5.4 Ma; MSWD = 1.3) and the relatively uniform εNd t and δ 18O data suggest that fractional crystallization was the main mechanism, which would have lasted less than 1 Ma. The tin-bearing granites G7 and G10 have ≥ 20 ppm Sn, but the main quartz veins containing cassiterite and wolframite cut granite G10, which contains 31 ppm Sn. Fractional crystallization was responsible for the increase in Sn content in granites from the G8–G10 series and their micas. </p