Vandal Practices as a Psychological Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Received 5 March 2021. Accepted 2 September 2021. Published online 11 October 2021.We would like to thank the director of the Center of Academic Writing “Impulse” of Tyumen State University, Valeria Evdash, who lent professional support in preparing this manuscript.Vandalism can be seen as a form of individual self-realization and expression of the individual and collective responses to change. In this paper, we intend to look at the meaning and motivations behind acts of vandalism. We also aim to classify cases of vandalism that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, we analyzed 80 cases of vandalism related to the COVID-19. The information was obtained from open online sources: publications in online communities and media found through the use of hashtags #COVID-19 and #vandalism. As a result, five categories of vandalism were identified: (a) vandalism as a mechanism of adaptation to change; (b) vandalism as a coping strategy; (c) vandalism as an unconscious defensive reaction to a threatening situation; (d) vandalism as resistance to change; and (e) vandalism as a reflection of the sense of social injustice. We found that vandalism during the pandemic was used mostly as a way of adaptation to change and as a coping strategy. Moreover, our findings have also demonstrated that social instability and transitivity in the crisis period stimulate people to rethink the current social order and search for new social forms,structures, and principles.This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 17-18-01278)

COVID-19: etiology, clinical picture, treatment

Whereas the XX century marked the history of acute respiratory disease investigation as a period for generating in-depth system of combating influenza viruses (Articulavirales: Orthomyxoviridae, Alpha-/Betainfluenzavirus) (based on environmental and virological monitoring of influenza A virus in its natural reservoir — aquatic and semi-aquatic birds — to supervising epidemic influenza), a similar system is necessary to build up in the XXI century with regard to especially dangerous betacoronaviruses (Nidovirales: Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus): Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (subgenus Sarbecovirus), Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) (Sarbecovirus), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (Merbecovirus). This became particularly evident after pandemic potential has been revealed in 2020 by the SARS-CoV-2. This review provides an insight into the historic timeline of discovering this virus, its current taxonomy, ecology, virion morphology, life cycle, molecular biology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of the etiologically related COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) as well as data available in the scientific literature on the anti-SARS-CoV-2-effectiveness of passive immunotherapy and most debated drugs used to treat COVID-19: Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Nitazoxanide, Ivermectin, Lopinavir and Ritonavir, Camostat mesilate, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, Tocilizumab, Anakinra, corticosteroids, and type I interferons. The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection implicates decreased efficacy of artificial respiration, which, in this case might be replaced by more efficient extracorporeal membrane blood oxygenation supplemented with nitrogen oxide and/or Heliox inhalations

Political activity of modern russian youth and marginal political practices

The article presents a typology and analysis of the most typical marginal political practices, describes the general political activity of young people, their attitude to certain types of political practices and their willingness to use them in their own models of behavior.В статье представлена типология и анализ наиболее типичных маргинальных политических практик, описана общая политическая активность молодежи, ее отношение к отдельным видам политических практик и готовность к их включению в собственные модели поведения

THE STUDY OF THE TENDENCY TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR OF STUDENTS USING THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL METHOD

The problem of diagnostics of addictive behavior of students is considered, for the solution of which it is proposed to use the method of oculography, which allows to fix a person’s involuntary attention to stimuli that are significant for him. The results of an experiment conducted to identify the propensity of students to addictive behavior are described.Рассматривается проблема диагностики аддиктивного поведения обучающихся, для решения которой предлагается использовать метод окулографии, позволяющий зафиксировать непроизвольное внимание человека к значимым для него стимулам. Описываются результаты проведенного эксперимента по выявлению склонности студентов к аддиктивному поведению

Peculiarities of the influenza viruses circulation and their properties during 2018-2019 epidemic season in Russia and countries of the Northern Hemisphere

Objective. To identify the drift variability of influenza viruses during the period of epidemic rise in the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections in the period 2018-2019. The biological and molecular-genetic properties of epidemic strains isolated in certain territories of the Russian Federation were studied and compared with data from the countries of the Northern Hemisphere. Materials and methods. A range of laboratory diagnostic methods has been applied, including immune fluorescence, RT-PCR, sequencing, methods for determining sensitivity to influenza drugs and receptor specificity. Results and discussion. The proportion of influenza viruses was as follows: A (H1N1) pdm09 - 53 %, A (H3N2) - 46 %, B - about 1 %. Cases of severe acute respiratory infections have most often been associated with influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 virus. According to antigenic properties, isolated strains corresponded to the properties of vaccine viruses (A/Michigan/45/2015 - by 99.6 % and A/Singapore INFIMH-16-0019/2016 - by 86 %). The heterogeneity of influenza A virus strains population was revealed as regards individual mutations in hemaglutinin. The influenza B virus population was equally represented by both evolutionary lines (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata-like). Receptor specificity was favorable for the course and outcome of the disease. Among 70 studied epidemic strains, no strains resistant to anti-neuraminidase drugs, oseltamivir and zanamivir, were detected. The article presents WHO recommendations on the composition of influenza vaccines for the countries of the Northern Hemisphere for 2019-2020, provides data on cases of human infection with avian influenza viruses A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2)

Особенности функционирования системы врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета у пациентов с COVID-19 старшей возрастной группы

Goal. Characteristics of innate, cellular and adaptive immunity in patients of the older age group with COVID19.Materials and methods. Blood leukocytes were induced by Newcastle disease virus (α-interferon), phytohemagglutinin (γ-interferon), SARS CoV 2: RBD antigens and S-protein; interferon activity in human fibroblast culture and enzyme immunoassay were evaluated. In serum, IgG antibodies to SARS CoV2 and autoantibodies to interferon and to the endothelium of blood vessels were determined using a mono-layer of human umbilical vein cells. Statistical processing was performed in Excel 2016.Results. A decrease in the production of  α-interferon and γ-interferon was revealed: 1 week -74.2±15.1; 3 week-144.0±35.7 (p=0.01); control – 266.6 ±82 (relative to 3 weeks p=0.004) and IFN γ: 1 week -6.8±2; 3 week – 14.4 ±3.5 (p=0.03); control – 28.87.15 (relative to 3 weeks (p=0.007). Decreased production of γ-interferon by leukocytes of patients with induction by SARS CoV2 RBD and S-trimer anti-gens was revealed. Antibodies to SARS CoV2 were detected starting from the 2nd week of the disease, a large spread of indicators was noted. Autoantibodies to α2-interferon and to vascular surface antigens were detected.Conclusion. The state of innate immunity in patients of the older age group with severe and moderate COVID-19 was characterized by a decrease in the activity of the interferon system. Decreased activity of cellular immunity to SARS CoV2 antigens was noted. Adaptive immunity was characterized by the development of an imbalance in the form of the appearance of autoantibodies to α-interferon and vascular endothelium.Цель: характеристика активности врожденного, клеточного и адаптивного иммунитета у пациентов старшей возрастной группы с COVID19.Материалы и методы: лейкоциты крови пациентов индуцировали вирусом болезни Ньюкастла (α-интерферон), фитогемагглютинином (γ-интерферон), антигенами SARS CoV 2: RBD и S-белком; оценивали активность интерферона в культуре фибробластов человека и методом иммуноферментного анализа. В сыворотке крови определяли: IgG антитела к SARS-CoV-2 и аутоантитела к интерферону и к эндотелию кровеносных сосудов, используя монослой клеток пупочной вены человека. Статистическую обработку выполняли в программе Excel 2016.Результаты: у пациентов старшей возрастной группы с тяжелой и среднетяжелой формами COVID-19 c осложненным течением выявлено снижение продукции α-интерферона и γ-интерферон в течение первых недель заболевания: 1-я неделя – 74,2±15,1; 3-я неделя – 144,0±35,7 (р=0,01); контроль – 266,6 ±82 (относительно 3 недели р=0,004) и ИФН γ: 1-я неделя – 6,8±2; 3-я неделя – 14,4 ±3,5 (р=0,03); контроль – 28,87,15 (относительно 3-й недели (р=0,007)). Выявлена сниженная продукция γ-интерферона лейкоцитами пациентов при индукции антигенами SARS-CoV-2 RBD и S-тримером по сравнению с вакцинированными пациентами. Антитела к SARS-CoV-2 в сыворотке крови обнаруживались, начиная со 2-й недели заболевания, отмечен большой разброс показателей. Обнаружены аутоантитела к α2-интерферону и к поверхностным антигенам эндотелия кровеносных сосудов человека.Заключение: состояние врожденного иммунитета у пациентов старшей возрастной группы с тяжелой и среднетяжелой формой COVID-19 характеризовалось снижением активности системы интерферона. Отмечена сниженная активность клеточного иммунитета к антигенам SARS-CoV-2. Адаптивный иммунитет характеризовался разбросом в показателях продукции IgG антител к SARS-CoV-2 и развитием дисбаланса в виде появления аутоантител к α-интерферону и к эндотелию сосудов

Грипп-2016: клинико-эпидемиологические особенности и современные возможности эффективной терапии (по данным ГБУЗ города Москвы «Инфекционная клиническая больница № 1 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»)

The aim of this study was to monitor in-hospital influenza virus infection during 2015 – 2016 epidemic flu season. Methods. Influenza virus was searched in patients hospitalized to a clinical infectious diseases hospital with acute respiratory viral infection during 2015 – 2016 influenza seasonal growth period using real-time RT-PCR method. Influenza virus was isolated from nasal swabs and autopsy material using canine kidney cell line. Other laboratory methods used included complete blood count, blood chemistry, blood gas analysis, urinalysis, and chest X-ray examination. Results. We examined 1,491 patients (375 adults, 546 children, 570 pregnant women with early gestational age). The proportion of hospitalized patients with confirmed A / H1N1pdm09 influenza in January – February, 2016, was 91.3%. A / H3N2 influenza virus was diagnosed in 5.7%, influenza B virus was isolated in 1.2% of patients. Totally, influenza virus was detected in 35.2% of samples, of which 30.1% of samples were obtained from adults, 33.7% of samples were obtained from children, and 39.8% of samples were obtained from pregnant women. The prevalent patient’s age was 15 to 60 years (76.1%) in adults and 3 to 6 years in children. Moderate course of influenza with a high rate of hospital admission was seen more often and was similar to that of 2009 – 2010 epidemic season. Proportion of patients with flu complicated by pneumonia was higher than that in 2014 – 2015 epidemic season. Bilateral lung injury was diagnosed in 48.4% of patients. High mortality in ICU (46.4%) was due to delayed start of antiviral treatment and late admission to a hospital. Conclusion. In 2015 – 2016 epidemic flu season, higher morbidity, complications and poor outcomes were related to predominant infection of A – H1N1pdm09 influenza virus. Risk factors of complications and death were delayed care seeking, lack of modern antiviral medications and comorbidity.Актуальность. В период подъема заболеваемости в сезоне 2015–2016 гг. в рамках эпидемиологического надзора за циркуляцией вирусов гриппа в Российской Федерации Центром экологии и эпидемиологии гриппа (ЦЭЭГ) Института вирусологии им. Д.И.Ивановского ФГБУ «Федеральный научно-исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф.Гамалеи» Минздрава России (Москва) на базе ГБУЗ города Москвы «Инфекционная клиническая больница № 1 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы» (ГБУЗ г. Москвы «ИКБ № 1 ДЗМ») осуществлялся госпитальный мониторинг в условиях специализированного стационара, целью которого являлось определение количественного и качественного распределения штаммов вирусов гриппа А и В среди госпитализированных пациентов, в т. ч. с тяжелой формой заболевания, а также анализ частоты осложнений и эффективности противовирусной терапии. Материалы и методы. В период подъема заболеваемости гриппом в ГБУЗ г. Москвы «ИКБ № 1 ДЗМ» госпитализированы пациенты с клиническим диагнозом острая респираторная вирусная инфекция. Детекция вирусов гриппа проводилась методом полимеразной цепной реакции с обратной транскрипцией в режиме реального времени. Вирусы гриппа были изолированы из назальных смывов и секционного материала на перевиваемой клеточной линии почки собаки (MDCK). Лабораторная диагностика включала клинический и биохимический анализ крови, анализ газового состава крови, анализ мочи, рентгенологическое исследование органов грудной клетки. Результаты. В январе-феврале 2016 г. доля больных, госпитализированных в ГБУЗ г. Москвы «ИКБ № 1 ДЗМ» с лабораторно подтвержденным гриппом A / H1N1pdm09, составила 91,3 %, A / H3N2 – 5,7 %, В – 1,2 %. Обследованы пациенты (n = 1 491) – взрослые (n = 375), дети (n = 546) и беременные (n = 570) на разных сроках. Доля положительных на грипп проб в целом составила 35,2 %. Среди взрослых положительными на грипп были 30,1 % проб, среди детей – 33,7 %, среди беременных – 39,8 %. В возрастной структуре преобладали (76,1 %) пациенты в возрасте от 15 до 50 лет. В детской популяции наиболее вовлеченными в эпидемию оказались дети в возрасте 3–6 лет. Преобладали среднетяжелые формы гриппа с высокой частотой госпитализаций, сравнимой с сезоном 2009–2010 гг. Доля пациентов с гриппом, осложненным пневмонией, увеличилась в сравнении с эпидемическим сезоном 2014–2015 гг. Двустороннее поражение легких зарегистрировано у 48,4 % больных. Высокий уровень летальности (46,4 %) в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии связан с запоздалым началом противовирусной терапии и поздней госпитализацией. Заключение. Высокая заболеваемость, увеличение числа осложнений и неблагоприятных исходов определена доминированием вируса гриппа A / H1N1pdm09. Факторами, увеличивающими риск развития осложнений и летальных исходов, являются позднее обращение за медицинской помощью, отсутствие своевременной противовирусной терапии, сопутствующие заболевания

Social surfing as a risk in forming of civil subjectivity of teenagers

The purpose of this article is to characterize the phenomenon of social surfing, taking into account its role in the development of civil subjectivity of teenagers The social surfing of teenagers is interpreted as a consequence and a peculiar reaction of the individual to the transitivity of the informative society. The main methods of the research were the method of theoretical modeling, as well as the method of peer review, which allowed to design and discuss the model of changing of civil subjectivity of teenagers in the conditions of social surfing. Work with the experts (n = 10) was conducted in the form of a semi-standardized interview with the use of indirect questions and ranking. As a result, the mechanism of changing social priorities is described, a detailed description of the targets of teenahers choosing a similar strategy is given, factors determining the negative impact of social surfacing on the formingt of civil subjectivity of teenagers are described. The results of the research allow to expand the scientific understanding of the specifics of the teenager's personal development and the development of his civil subjectivity in the context of globalization, informatization and transitivity of modern society, taking into account the risk of social surfing. The model can be taken as a basis for conducting empirical studies of the phenomenon of civil subjectivity, since it allows to operationalize this construct. © 2018 Transilvanian Association for the Literarure and Culture of Romanian People (ASTRA)

Social surfing as a risk in forming of civil subjectivity of teenagers

The purpose of this article is to characterize the phenomenon of social surfing, taking into account its role in the development of civil subjectivity of teenagers The social surfing of teenagers is interpreted as a consequence and a peculiar reaction of the individual to the transitivity of the informative society. The main methods of the research were the method of theoretical modeling, as well as the method of peer review, which allowed to design and discuss the model of changing of civil subjectivity of teenagers in the conditions of social surfing. Work with the experts (n = 10) was conducted in the form of a semi-standardized interview with the use of indirect questions and ranking. As a result, the mechanism of changing social priorities is described, a detailed description of the targets of teenahers choosing a similar strategy is given, factors determining the negative impact of social surfacing on the formingt of civil subjectivity of teenagers are described. The results of the research allow to expand the scientific understanding of the specifics of the teenager's personal development and the development of his civil subjectivity in the context of globalization, informatization and transitivity of modern society, taking into account the risk of social surfing. The model can be taken as a basis for conducting empirical studies of the phenomenon of civil subjectivity, since it allows to operationalize this construct. © 2018 Transilvanian Association for the Literarure and Culture of Romanian People (ASTRA)

YOUTH VANDALISM IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF MEGALOPOLIS: BORDERS OF STANDARD AND DEVIATION

Introduction. Nowadays, modern urban youth is socialized under entirely different conditions than earlier. Moral relativism of society, diversification of information flows and increasing hedonistic orientations can form a tolerant attitude of young people to many taboo practices, and the specificity of the development of the modern urban environment contributes to the intensification of its vandal behaviour.The aim of the present publication is to identify the understanding of vandalism that is read by modern urban youth and to assess the acceptability of specific vandal practices in the social daily life of young people.Methodology and research methods. The analytical review of scientific works enabled the authors to reconstruct explanatory models of emergence and development of vandalism among young people. The specifics of perception of vandalism of young people were investigated on the basis of a social survey. The data was processed by the methods of correlation and factorial analysis. Statistical calculations were run with application of Population Viability Analysis software – Vortex.Results and scientific novelty. The authors made the complex analysis of the attitude of youth towards vandalism. The dominants of vandalism perception among young people are emphasized. The study was conducted among the representatives of Yekaterinburg (n=304, 18–30 years). It was found that more than 30 % of respondents have a real experience in the implementation of vandalism in the urban environment, but only 2 % of respondents recognize and openly declare this experience. The reason is in the narrowed substantial understanding of vandalism by most of youth representatives; they consider it only as the destructive actions which are not beyond doubt. Moreover, young people do not consider many less obvious offenses as vandalism. Thus, the conclusion is drawn that non-conscious vandalism is widespread among young people: a considerable part of young people more or less regularly commit vandal actions, without perceiving them as a deviation from predefined standard pattern of behaviour; young people do not notice vandal behaviour of people around as well.The data obtained point to considerable flexibility and discrepancy of ideas of vandalism among the young population in megalopolises: vandalism is regarded as deviation and categorically condemned at the level of stereotypes with abstraction from the reality; in a daily occurrence, vandalism is treated as unrecognized norm in relation to specific situations. The tendency of the gradual erosion of taboo nature and deviance of vandalism in consciousness of youth is stated.Practical significance. The materials of the research could be applied to optimize the work on up-brining in educational institutions and to increase the effectiveness of prevention of vandalism among young people