Galkhaita

Los análisis de Gal-Khaya y Khaidarkan dieron, respectivamente, Hg 47,60, 49,02; Cu 3,49, 2,85; Zn 3,00, 0,60; Fe 0,31, nada ; Tl 0,46, 2,90; As 23,60, 19,49; Sb 0,59, 5,51; S 21,00, 19,31; Se 3 ppm, 150 ppm; total 100,05, 99,695 %.(...

Expression of rice OsMyb4 transcription factor improves tolerance to copper or zinc in canola plants.

The effects of copper and zinc salts on transgenic canola plants expressing rice transcription factor (TF) OsMYB4 were investigated. Transgenic plants (TPs), which showed a high OsMyb4 expression in response to either Cu or to Zn excess, were used for the current study. In leaves of TPs, the content of Cu was equal and the content of Zn was significantly higher than in non-transformed plants (NTPs). The TPs grown on an extremely high concentration of heavy metals (HMs; 150 mu De CuSO4 or 5 000 mu De ZnSO4) were able to survive for more than 15 d, while NTPs died after 7 - 9 d of incubation. This indicates that expression of OsMyb4 in canola plants improved their HM tolerance. The TPs tolerance to HMs was confirmed by a higher shoot biomass than that in NTPs. Excess of HMs caused oxidative stress (indicated by increase in malondialdehyde content) especially in leaves of NTPs. This data suggests a protective role of the OsMyb4 TF in oxidative stress. The HMs caused a lower decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase in TPs than in NTPs. Higher tolerance of TPs to HMs was also suggested by a considerable increase in the content of low-molecular phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and anthocyanins, as well as proline (a potential antioxidant and chaperone). These data suggest that OsMYB4 may play a role as a positive regulator of phenylpropanoid pathway and proline synthesis. The created canola OsMyb4 TPs may be useful for future applications in phytoremediation of HM-polluted soils

Improved functionalization of oleic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can providemultiple benefits for biomedical applications in aqueous environments such asmagnetic separation or magnetic resonance imaging. To increase the colloidal stability and allow subsequent reactions, the introduction of hydrophilic functional groups onto the particles’ surface is essential. During this process, the original coating is exchanged by preferably covalently bonded ligands such as trialkoxysilanes. The duration of the silane exchange reaction, which commonly takes more than 24 h, is an important drawback for this approach. In this paper, we present a novel method, which introduces ultrasonication as an energy source to dramatically accelerate this process, resulting in high-quality waterdispersible nanoparticles around 10 nmin size. To prove the generic character, different functional groups were introduced on the surface including polyethylene glycol chains, carboxylic acid, amine, and thiol groups. Their colloidal stability in various aqueous buffer solutions as well as human plasma and serum was investigated to allow implementation in biomedical and sensing applications.status: publishe

Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular effects of adding once-weekly treatment with exenatide to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without previous cardiovascular disease, to receive subcutaneous injections of extended-release exenatide at a dose of 2 mg or matching placebo once weekly. The primary composite outcome was the first occurrence of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. The coprimary hypotheses were that exenatide, administered once weekly, would be noninferior to placebo with respect to safety and superior to placebo with respect to efficacy. RESULTS: In all, 14,752 patients (of whom 10,782 [73.1%] had previous cardiovascular disease) were followed for a median of 3.2 years (interquartile range, 2.2 to 4.4). A primary composite outcome event occurred in 839 of 7356 patients (11.4%; 3.7 events per 100 person-years) in the exenatide group and in 905 of 7396 patients (12.2%; 4.0 events per 100 person-years) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.00), with the intention-to-treat analysis indicating that exenatide, administered once weekly, was noninferior to placebo with respect to safety (P<0.001 for noninferiority) but was not superior to placebo with respect to efficacy (P=0.06 for superiority). The rates of death from cardiovascular causes, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, and the incidence of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous cardiovascular disease, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events did not differ significantly between patients who received exenatide and those who received placebo. (Funded by Amylin Pharmaceuticals; EXSCEL ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01144338 .)

Obtaining formaldehyde on a new catalytic system

Formaldehyde is widely used in many fields of industry. The increase in the need for formaldehyde led to an increase in scientific research, the purpose of which is to obtain the greatest yield of the product (formaldehyde) with minimal costs for raw materials, catalyst and its regeneration, energy carriers, etc. At industrial plants for the production of formaldehyde by oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol on the silver on pumice catalyst, the process temperature is maintained at 600 ° C. The process of obtaining formaldehyde by oxidation of methanol with air oxygen at the combination of catalysts "silver" and "silver on pumice" in the temperature range of 250–450 °C is investigated. The results showed the possibility of practical application of the combined catalyst. Chemical and technological parameters of the process with the use of a new catalyst are slightly lower than production indicators, however, the temperature of the pilot process is 2 times lower - this will reduce not only the energy costs, but also increase the life of the catalyst and the cost of its regeneration

THE DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF THE TOXICITY OF SUPPOSITORIES WITH A MODIFIED SUBSTANCE OF INTERFERON ALFA-2B

Objective: To develop a stable composition with the substance of PEGylated interferon alfa-2b, to study technological and biopharmaceutical characteristics of the dosage form, and to conduct preclinical studies on the chronic toxicity and local irritating effect. Methods: Solid fats Witepsol® H15, Witepsol® W 35, Suppocire® BS2X, and Suppocire® BM brands were used as the suppository bases. Polysorbate 80 was used as an emulsifier. Citric acid, ascorbic acid, sodium tetraborate, lactic acid, ethylenediaminetetetraacetic acid, tocopherol acetate was also introduced into the experimental samples. Fourteen experimental samples were screened for biological and technological indicators. Preclinical studies were performed for the optimal composition on the indicators of chronic toxicity and local irritant effect. Results: The study examined the cytotoxic effects on the Vero cell line of selected suppository bases and excipients, namely, pH regulators and antioxidants. With excipients that did not have cytotoxicity we obtained suppository compositions with the following quality indicators: cytotoxicity, specific activity of interferon, time of complete deformation of suppositories and their melting temperature. A total of 14 compositions were studied, of which 5 were selected on the basis of the results for the study of stability. Only one composition turned out to be stable for the time studied. Conclusion: The most stable in terms of “specific activity” was sample 7, its composition: Witepsol® H15 / W35 70/30, polysorbate-80 0.15%, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 0.15%, sodium tetraborate 0.15%, tocopherol acetate 3.0%. Preclinical studies, that showed the absence of chronic toxicity and local irritant effect, were performed for this composition

CHARACTERIZATION AND SCREENING PARAMETERS OF SPRAY FILM-FORMING SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON DOSAGE FORMS AND QUALITY INDICATORS

Objective: The objective of this study is to present the main screening parameters for the development of Spray Film-Forming Systems (SFFSs) using the design space. The focus is on characterizing the different phase states of SFFSs during application and establishing appropriate methods for determining the range of parameters. Methods: In this study, various methods were used to determine the range of SFFS parameters. These include contact angle determination, pH test, viscosity measurement, drying rate estimation, spray pattern determination, tensile strength test, and washability. The methods used were evaluated and found to be effective in assessing the quality parameters of liquid concentrates, aerosols, and films of commercially available SFFS samples. Results: Three states (liquid, aerosol, and solid) of commercially available SPSFs were evaluated using the techniques mentioned above. The applicability of the techniques and variability was discussed in comparison with similar studies. The results showed that the mean pH ranged from 5.43±0.02 to 6.63±0.05, the bioadhesion of liquid concentrates was in a narrow range of 4.49 ± 0.52, the highest index of dynamic viscosity was 0.33±0.04, values of the spray pattern ranged from 6.19±1.97 to 17.46±2.72 cm2, bioadhesion values of the films ranged from 3.87 to 4.06 N, average values of film formation time were in the range of 65.55±12.65) s. 3 of the 4 samples had resistance to skin cracking, the tensile load of the commercial SFFS films varied from 2.91±0.3 to 5.11±0.65 N, and the tensile strength from 1.07±0.11 to 1.20±0.3 mPa. All films were not washed off with water. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate the successful application of tested methods in determining the range of parameters for SFFSs. The established values for indicators of liquid concentrates can serve as a basis for the further development of SFFSs. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding and standardization of Spray Film-Forming Systems for wounds, enabling their effective development and application in local skin treatments