Studi Monitoring Efek Samping Obat Antituberkulosis Fdc Kategori 1 di Provinsi Banten dan Provinsi Jawa Barat

Hasil Riskesdas 2007 menunjukkan kasus Tuberkulosis (TB) Paru ditemukan merata di seluruh provinsi di Indonesia, sedangkan hasil Riskesdas 2010 menunjukkan prevalensi TB paru nasional adalah 725 per 100.000 penduduk. Salah satu penyebab putusnya terapi adalah efek samping obat. Hal ini menimbulkan resistensi kuman sehingga memperberat penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi efek samping akibat penggunaan obat antituberkulosis(OAT) dan kepatuhan pasien. Jenis penelitian adalah time series, dilakukan terhadap pasien baru penderita tuberkulosis di 10 puskesmas di Provinsi Banten dan Jawa Barat pada bulan Mei 2011. Pasien diikuti selama 6 bulan hingga periode penelitian berakhir. Pasien diwawancara mengenai efek samping obat yang dialaminya setiap bulan saat mengambil obat atau kunjungan ke rumah oleh petugas puskesmas. Pemantauan kepatuhan dilakukan dengan menghitung obatsisa yang disimpan oleh pasien. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 92 pasien, semuanya masih patuh dalam menjalani terapi. Frekuensi kejadian efek samping yang paling sering timbul pada bulan pertama dan kelima yaitu mual; pada bulan kedua pusing; serta pada bulan ketiga, keempat dan keenam nyeri sendi. Efek samping lain yang sering timbul akibat penggunaan OAT yaitu mengantuk dan lemas pada bulan pertama, kedua dan ketiga. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan adanya pemantauan yang dilakukan petugas, efek samping yang terjadi dapat terdata dan tidak menyebabkan menurunnya kepatuhan pasien. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena adanya komunikasi yang baik antara pasien dengan petugas mengenai proses pengobatan TB. Disarankan agar pemantauan efek sampingdan kepatuhan dilakukan dengan menekankan pada komunikasi pasien dengan petugas. Selain itu perlu dilakukan pemantauan laboratorium secara rutin.Kata Kunci: Efek Samping, Obat Antituberkulosis (OAT), Tuberkulosis (TB) paruAbstractThe result of Basic Health Research in 2007 shown that lung tuberculosis cases spread out all over Indonesia. Meanwhile, the 2010 Basic Health Research shown the prevalence of lung TB was 725 per 100,000 populations. Side effects are among the causes of therapy drop out thus resulted in bacterial resistance which further caused the severityof TB. This research aimed to explore the information of side effects experiences caused by TB drugs therapy as well as to monitor adherence. The research was a time series research, conducted to new patients diagnosed as having lung TB in 10 public health centers (PHCs) in Banten and West Java provinces on May 2011. Those patients were followed up to6 months until the research was terminated. Patients experiences of side effects were collected by monthly interview, when they came to the PHCs to take drugs or during patients home visit by the PHC staff. Monitoring of adherence was conducted by counting the tablet at patients home. The sample was 92 patients, whom all were counted as adhering thetherapy. The most frequent side effect in the first and fifth months was nausea; in the second month was dizziness; and in the third, fourth and sixth month was neuromyalgia. Other side effects reported were drowsiness and weakness in the first three months. Based on the result, it is concluded that by health provider monitoring, the side effects can beidentified and had not caused low adherence. This can be the result of good communication between patients and health provider about TB therapy. It is recommended that side effects and adherence monitoring should be conducted by emphasizing on patients and provider communication. In addition, laboratory monitoring should be conductedperiodically.Keywords : side effects, antituberculosis drugs, lung tuberculosi

Analisis Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kayu Putih (Melaleuca Cajuputi Sub SP. Cajuputi) pada Kawasan Hutan Lindung Dusun Malimbu dan Dusun Badung Resort Malimbu Kphl Rinjani Barat

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor karakteristik lahan yang mempengaruhi perbedaan pertumbuhan Kayu Putih di Malimbu dan Badung dan menentukan Kelas kesesuaian lahan Kayu Putih di Malimbu dan Badung. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kawasan hutan lindung Dusun Malimbu dan Badung Resort Malimbu KPHL Rinjani Barat. Parameter yang diukur adalah pertumbuhan Kayu Putih meliputi diameter, tinggi dan volume, serta faktor lingkungan meliputi ketinggian tempat, suhu udara, dan sifat fisika tanah (tekstur tanah, kadar air tanah, kedalaman efektif, bulk density, porositas tanah dan suhu tanah). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ׃ 1). Rata-rata diameter, tinggi, volume dan jumlah tanaman Kayu Putih umur 22 bulan di Badung sebesar 3,33 cm, 3,29 m, 2355,83 cm3 dan 32 tanaman/plot, sedangkan di Malimbu sebesar 1,43 cm, 1,87 m, 241,85 cm3 dan 22 tanaman/plot; 2). Faktor yang berpengaruh nyata pada taraf toleransi 95% (α = 0,05) terhadap diameter Kayu Putih adalah fraksi pasir, suhu tanah, kedalaman efektif dan ketinggian tempat, sedangkan terhadap tinggi Kayu Putih adalah fraksi pasir, bulk density dan kedalaman efektif; 3). Kesesuaian lahan aktual Kayu Putih di Malimbu tergolong Kelas N1r dengan faktor pembatas media perakaran (drainase tanah), sedangkan di Badung tergolong Kelas S3w dan S3wr dengan faktor pembatas ketersediaan air (bulan kering) dan media perakaran (drainase tanah)

Kajian Program Pos Obat Desa di Kabupaten Karanganyar dan Subang

Background: The village medicine post (POD) program had been introduced in 1991, and legalized in 2004 by KepMenKes No. 983/2004, known as Village Medicine Shop (WOD). This program should be evaluated in order to know its implementation. Methods: The research was carried out in 2006, in Karanganyar District and Subang District. This research aimed to elaborate the condition of WOD, and their supporting, as well as inhibiting factors. The data were collected by round table discussion to the communities, in depth interviewed to the Primary Health Care officers, village midwives, WOD cadres. Besides, WOD observation and secondary data collection also have been done. Results: Result showed that there was not any implemented WOD followed to the KepMenKes No. 983/2004. They were still POD types as former concept. In Karanganyar District, some of PODs were still active, they were located in the cadre's house, and only managed limited number of medicines. In Subang District there were many inactive POD, some of them developed their business through a common shop, change into medical centre, drug store or dispensary. The supporting factors were detected, such as remote villages, the distance of health facilities, as well as the community's trust to the cadres. While the inhibiting factors detected were the availability of developing shop which also sell medicines surrounding the POD location. In Karanganyar District, the supporting factors detected were the availability of financing group, called “dana sehat”, active cadres, village midwives, Primary Health Care, and communities. Meanwhile in Subang District, the important supporting factors were the availability of cheap price of medicines, besides active and trained cadres. The inhibiting factor in Karanganyar District was limited number of the available medicines types. The inhibiting factors in Subang District were mismanagement of POD, limited budget, medical practice regulation, uncertain legality of POD, and attitude of the cadres

Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of Trichosanthes anguina and Swietenia mahagoni seeds

The core objective of this research was to determine the characteristics of oils, nutritional composition and antimicrobial activities of T. anguina and S. mahagoni seeds. Physicochemical characteristics of oils implied higher degree of unsaturation in T. anguina whereas, S. mahagoni oil contained appreciable level of unsaturation. Tri-acyl-glycerols and neutral lipids were found to be most abounded components recorded to 86.2 and 91.3% for T. anguina and 87.0 and 89.4% for S. mahagoni, respectively. GLC analysis showed the presence of fatty acids from series C16:0 to C18:3 for T. anguina and C16:0 to C20:0 for S. mahagoni in which principal fatty acids accounted as punicic (45.1%) in T. anguina and linoleic (30.1%) in S. mahagoni seed oils. Of the major energy producing nutrients, the seed samples contained large amounts of lipid (36.1% in T. anguina and 57.9% in S. mahagoni) and protein (20.9% in T. anguina and 13.0% in S. mahagoni) and potentially useful amounts of other nutrients. The knowledge from the nutritional analysis could be important to its appropriate industrial use and for improvement in the nutritional value. Assessment of the anti-microbial studies reported herein revealed the crude extracts of T. anguina and S. mahagoni seeds were not significantly inhibition against most of the tested bacteria and fungi. This study may lead to further ethno-pharmacognostic investigations to identify new compounds with therapeutic promise.KEY WORDS: Seed oil, Fatty acids, Nutritional composition, Antimicrobial activities Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2011, 25(3), 427-436

Tradisi Masyarakat Dalam Penanaman Dan Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Obat Lekat Di Pekarangan

Home yard has been used to plant certain medicinal plants, also as known as TOGA program. This research was aimed to study the implementation of TOGA program and community tradition in planting and using medicinal plants. A qualitative research was conducted in West Java, Central Java, East Java and Bali which based on National Basic Health Research 2010 data had the highest percentage of jamu USAge. Data was collected in 2011 through in depth interview and focus group discussion with related stakeholder and observation in research location. Result in Bogor district showed TOGA program has been included in Family Welfare Development Program and similar program was also developed in some villages. There was no certain TOGA program in Karanganyar, Sumenep and Gianyar districts. TOGA program in Karanganyar was inserted in other program due to economic needs while in Gianyar the program was originated from ornamental plants. The community usually used medicinal plants for the prime medication before going to health facility. Planting medicinal plants is an inherited tradition where parents become the main source of planting and USAge information. The Agriculture Office and village officials had more significant roles to guide the community while the Health office only suggested or monitored the

Fast pornographic image recognition using compact holistic features and multi-layer neural network

The paper presents an alternative fast pornographic image recognition using compact holistic features and multi-layer neural network (MNN). The compact holistic features of pornographic images, which are invariant features against pose and scale, is extracted by shape and frequency analysis on pornographic images under skin region of interests (ROIs). The main objective of this work is to design pornographic recognition scheme which not only can improve performances of existing methods (i.e., methods based on skin probability, scale invariant feature transform, eigenporn, and Multilayer-Perceptron and Neuro-Fuzzy (MP-NF)) but also can works fast for recognition. The experimental outcome display that our proposed system can improve 0.3% of accuracy and reduce 6.60% the false negative rate (FNR) of the best existing method (skin probability and eigenporn on YCbCr, SEP), respectively. Additionally, our proposed method also provides almost similar robust performances to the MP-NF on large size dataset. However, our proposed method needs short recognition time by about 0.021 seconds per image for both tested datasets

PENGARUH INDEPENDENSI, KOMPETENSI, DAN DUE PROFESSIONAL CARE TERHADAP KUALITAS AUDIT (Survey pada 10 Kantor Akuntan Publik di Kota Bandung)

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh Independensi, Kompetensi, dan Due Professional Care terhadap Kualitas Audit pada 10 Kantor Akuntan Publik di Kota Bandung. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dan verifikatif dengan menggunakan data primer. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah non probability sampling dengan menggunakan data primer. Analisis statistik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji asumsi klasik, analisis regresi, korelasi, pengujian hipotesis dengan menggunakan uji t dan uji f serta analisis koefisien determinasi. Banyaknya populasi penelitian adalah 109 auditor dari 10 Kantor Akuntan Publik di Kota Bandung yang diambil sampelnya sebanyak 86 auditor dengan sumber data yang diperoleh melalui hasil pengisian kuesioner. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa secara parsial besarnya variabel Independensi berpengaruh sebsar 15,6%, Kompetensi sebesar 27,1%, dan Due Professional Care sebesar 19,5% terhadap Kualitas Audit. Besarnya pengaruh secara simultan variabel Independensi, Kompetensi, dan Due Professional Care terhadap Kualitas Audit sebesar 62,4%, sedangkan sisanya sebesar 37,6% merupakan faktor lain diluar ketiga variabel independen yang diteliti, seperti faktor akuntabilitas, pengalaman kerja, obyektifitas, integritas, dan lain-lain. Kata Kunci: Indepenpendsi, Kompetensi, dan Due Professional Care terhadap Kualitas Audi

Effect of microwave heating on oxidative degradation of sunflower oil in the presence of palm olein

The aim of this study was to evaluate on how heat treatments by microwave oven may affect the oxidative degradation of sunflower oil (SFO) and its blend with palm olein (PO). The blend was prepared in the volume ratio of 40:60 (PO: SFO, PSF). The samples were exposed to microwave heating at medium power setting, for different periods. In this study, refractive index, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation (TOTOX), specific extinction, viscosity, polymer content, polar compounds and food oil sensor value of the oils all increased, whereas iodine value and C18:2/C16:0 ratio decreased as microwave heating progressed. Microwave heating temperature increased with increasing heating time and longer heating times resulted in a greater degree of oil deterioration. The percentage of linoleic acid tended to decrease, whereas the percentage of palmitic acid increased. The effect of adding PO to SFO on the formation of free fatty acids and conjugated dienes during microwave treatment was not significant (p< 0.05). No significant differences in food oil sensor value was observed between SFO and PSF. Based on the most oxidative stability criteria, it can be concluded that the microwave heating caused the formation of comparatively lower amounts of oxidation products in PSF compared to SFO, indicating a lower extent of oxidative degradation of PSF