Study of the Forces Acting on the Animal in the Installation for Fixing with Veterinary Treatments

The study of the forces acting on the animal in the installation for fixing with veterinary treatments. The most time consuming processes in service animals are zootechnical and veterinary treatment of sheep. During the year, it is necessary to carry out more than ten such treatments of each animal, which requires a lot of labor. Almost all animal treatments such as feed to the operator’s workplace and their fixation in a convenient position for him requires significant physical effort of the operator. Therefore, today the technologies and technical means should be created to reduce labor costs for various treatments. The relevance of the problem is due to the lack of theoretical foundations and experimental data for the creation of technological equipment for fixing sheep in zootechnical and veterinary treatments. The purpose of the study is the theoretical and experimental justification of the installation for fixing sheep in zootechnical and veterinary treatments with the justification of the existing efforts on the animal, excluding injury. Developed installation and presented a scheme with two of the conveyor belts forming the grooved shape When designing the installation, the main focus was on the justification of structural elements and modes of operation from the viewpoint of eliminating the possibility of injury to the animal. The experimental studies have confirmed the correctness of the obtained analytical dependences. The obtained results will enable designers to create equipment for the fixation of sheep at the zootechnical and veterinary treatments, precluding injury to the animal and reducing labor costs

Momentum distributions of sequential ionization generated by an intense laser pulse

Journals published by the American Physical Society can be found at http://publish.aps.org/The relative yield and momentum distributions of all multiply charged atomic ions generated by a short (30 fs) intense (10(14)-5 x 10(18) W/cm(2)) laser pulse are investigated using a Monte Carlo simulation. We predict a substantial shift in the maximum (centroid) of the ion-momentum distribution along the laser polarization as a function of the absolute phase. This effect should be experimentally detectable with currently available laser systems even for relatively long pulses, such as 25-30 fs. In addition to the numerical results, we present semianalytical scaling for the position of the maximum

Capture into Rydberg states and momentum distributions of ionized electrons

The yield of neutral excited atoms and low-energy photoelectrons generated by the electron dynamics in the combined Coulomb and laser field after tunneling is investigated. We present results of Monte-Carlo simulations built on the two-step semiclassical model, as well as analytic estimates and scaling relations for the population trapping into the Rydberg states. It is shown that mainly those electrons are captured into bound states of the neutral atom that due to their initial conditions (i) have moderate drift momentum imparted by the laser field and (ii) avoid strong interaction ("hard" collision) with the ion. In addition, it is demonstrated that the channel of capture, when accounted for in semiclassical calculations, has a pronounced effect on the momentum distribution of electrons with small positive energy. For the parameters that we investigated its presence leads to a dip at zero momentum in the longitudinal momentum distribution of the ionized electrons.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures in one zip-archiv

Long-lived states in synchronized traffic flow. Empirical prompt and dynamical trap model

The present paper proposes a novel interpretation of the widely scattered states (called synchronized traffic) stimulated by Kerner's hypotheses about the existence of a multitude of metastable states in the fundamental diagram. Using single vehicle data collected at the German highway A1, temporal velocity patterns have been analyzed to show a collection of certain fragments with approximately constant velocities and sharp jumps between them. The particular velocity values in these fragments vary in a wide range. In contrast, the flow rate is more or less constant because its fluctuations are mainly due to the discreteness of traffic flow. Subsequently, we develop a model for synchronized traffic that can explain these characteristics. Following previous work (I.A.Lubashevsky, R.Mahnke, Phys. Rev. E v. 62, p. 6082, 2000) the vehicle flow is specified by car density, mean velocity, and additional order parameters $h$ and $a$ that are due to the many-particle effects of the vehicle interaction. The parameter $h$ describes the multilane correlations in the vehicle motion. Together with the car density it determines directly the mean velocity. The parameter $a$, in contrast, controls the evolution of $h$ only. The model assumes that $a$ fluctuates randomly around the value corresponding to the car configuration optimal for lane changing. When it deviates from this value the lane change is depressed for all cars forming a local cluster. Since exactly the overtaking manoeuvres of these cars cause the order parameter $a$ to vary, the evolution of the car arrangement becomes frozen for a certain time. In other words, the evolution equations form certain dynamical traps responsible for the long-time correlations in the synchronized mode.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, RevTeX

Формирование разрядного импульса в системах на базе электрогидравлического эффекта

To create an electrohydraulic effect, it is necessary to apply a voltage to the electrodes located in the liquid- filled working chamber. The voltage value should be high enough for a spark discharge to occur between the electrodes. In this case, in the working chamber there will be high pressure of the shock wave nature.Based on the electrohydraulic effect, a variety of technological devices can be created, for example, for the metal working process, crushing hard materials, pumping fluid, etc. Such devices have high efficiency and are environmentally friendly because of being not an additional pollutant source.High pressure in the working chamber arises from the high temperature of the plasma streamer in the inter-electrode space. A spark discharge occurs when there is an avalanche ionization of the liquid caused by the electric current between the working electrodes. A temperature jump, when there is the spark discharge, results in the partially evaporating liquid and the gas-liquid cavity formation around the streamer, which expands, creating a shock wave in the working chamber.To create technological devices based on electrohydraulic effect, it is necessary to be able to calculate the transients that occur, both in the electrical part and in the mechanical one. The paper proposes an algorithm to calculate the electric transients using a simple capacitive model of the system. Gives an example of calculation for two capacitance values of the storage capacitor and shows how time characteristics of the capacitor voltage and the discharge current in the inter-electrode space are changed.The proposed model is simple and adaptive for different tasks. Introducing the additional elements into its structure allows us to carry out more complex calculations, for example, to take into account parasitic inductance in the system, nonlinearity, and to consider spatial transients. Possessing a skill in the algorithm for calculating transients, allowed us to form a voltage pulse on the electrodes so that the parameters of the shock wave in the liquid-filled working chamber had the specified time and amplitude characteristics.To obtain the spark discharge in the inter-electrode space filled with liquid, it is necessary to form high voltage. Such a voltage can be obtained on the plates of the storage capacitor, using a voltage multiplier, operation of which the paper also discusses in detail.Для создания электрогидравлического эффекта необходимо на электроды, расположенные в рабочей камере, заполненной жидкостью, подать напряжение, уровень которого будет столь велик, что между электродами возникнет искровой разряд. При этом в рабочей камере будет возникать высокое давление, имеющее характер ударной волны.На основе электрогидравлического эффекта можно создавать различные технологические устройства, например, для обработки металлов давлением, для дробления твердых материалов, для перекачки жидкости и т.д. Такие устройства имеют высокую эффективность и экологичны, т.к. не являются источником дополнительного загрязнения окружающей среды.Причиной возникновения высокого давления в рабочей камере является высокая температура плазменного стримера в межэлектродном пространстве. Искровой разряд возникает при лавинной ионизации жидкости, причиной которой является протекание электрического тока между рабочими электродами. Резкое повышение температуры при искровом разряде приводит к испарению части жидкости, образованию газо-жидкостной полости вокруг стримера, которая расширяется, создавая ударную волну в рабочей камере.Для создания технических устройств на базе электрогидравлического эффекта, необходимо уметь рассчитывать переходные процессы, возникающие, как в электрической части, так и в механической. В представленной работе предлагается алгоритм расчета электрических переходных процессов с помощью простой емкостной модели системы. В работе приведен пример расчета для двух значений емкости накопительного конденсатора, показано, как изменяются временные характеристики напряжения на конденсаторе и разрядного тока в межэлектродном пространстве.Предложенная модель проста и адаптивна под различные задачи. Вводя в ее состав дополнительные элементы, можно проводить и более сложные расчеты, например, учесть паразитные индуктивности в системе, нелинейность, рассмотреть пространственные переходные процессы. Владея аппаратом расчета переходных процессов, можно формировать импульс напряжения на электродах таким образом, чтобы параметры ударной волны в рабочей камере, заполненной жидкостью, имели заданные временные и амплитудные характеристики.Для получения искрового разряда в межэлектродном пространстве, заполненном жидкостью, необходимо сформировать высокое напряжение. Такое напряжение можно получить на обкладках накопительного конденсатора (накопительных конденсаторов), используя умножитель напряжения, работа которого также подробно рассмотрена в представленной работе

Interpreting Attoclock Measurements of Tunnelling Times

Resolving in time the dynamics of light absorption by atoms and molecules, and the electronic rearrangement this induces, is among the most challenging goals of attosecond spectroscopy. The attoclock is an elegant approach to this problem, which encodes ionization times in the strong-field regime. However, the accurate reconstruction of these times from experimental data presents a formidable theoretical challenge. Here, we solve this problem by combining analytical theory with ab-initio numerical simulations. We apply our theory to numerical attoclock experiments on the hydrogen atom to extract ionization time delays and analyse their nature. Strong field ionization is often viewed as optical tunnelling through the barrier created by the field and the core potential. We show that, in the hydrogen atom, optical tunnelling is instantaneous. By calibrating the attoclock using the hydrogen atom, our method opens the way to identify possible delays associated with multielectron dynamics during strong-field ionization.Comment: 33 pages, 10 figures, 3 appendixe

Macroscopic Dynamics of Multi-Lane Traffic

We present a macroscopic model of mixed multi-lane freeway traffic that can be easily calibrated to empirical traffic data, as is shown for Dutch highway data. The model is derived from a gas-kinetic level of description, including effects of vehicular space requirements and velocity correlations between successive vehicles. We also give a derivation of the lane-changing rates. The resulting dynamic velocity equations contain non-local and anisotropic interaction terms which allow a robust and efficient numerical simulation of multi-lane traffic. As demonstrated by various examples, this facilitates the investigation of synchronization patterns among lanes and effects of on-ramps, off-ramps, lane closures, or accidents.Comment: For related work see http://www.theo2.physik.uni-stuttgart.de/helbing.htm

Improving the Efficiency of Heating of the Object to Inclusion of Solar Collectors into the Existing Scheme

The project of heat supply of the educational and laboratory building through the integrated use of renewable and non-traditional energy sources is considered. To implement this project, a number of studies were carried out, such as thermal imaging building monitoring. As a research task, the authors determined an attempt to evaluate the heat loses reducing possibility as well as the implementation of this event in the Ural region.Рассматривается проект теплоснабжения учебно-лабораторного корпуса путем комплексного использования возобновляемых и нетрадиционных источников энергии. Для реализации данного проекта проводится ряд исследований, в том числе тепловизионный мониторинг здания. В качестве исследовательской задачи авторами была определена попытка оценить возможность уменьшения величины тепловых потерь, а также реализации данного мероприятия в условиях Уральского региона

Development of the solar plant for heat supplying of the educational laboratory campus

The paper deals with solar plant, that provides heat water supplying of the Ural Federal University Heat, gas supplying and ventilation department educational laboratory campus. The paper presents the installation scheme of solar plant, it's operating principle and events that related with plant operating and working.Рассматривается теплогенерирующая установка с использованием плоских солнечных коллекторов, обеспечивающая горячее водоснабжение учебно-лабораторного корпуса кафедры ТГиВ УрФУ за счет возобновляемой (солнечной) энергии. Представлена схема, характеристики, принцип работы и мероприятия, проводимые и планируемые по обслуживанию установки