Cation binding to 15-TBA quadruplex DNA is a multiple-pathway cation-dependent process

A combination of explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulation (30 simulations reaching 4 µs in total), hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics approach and isothermal titration calorimetry was used to investigate the atomistic picture of ion binding to 15-mer thrombin-binding quadruplex DNA (G-DNA) aptamer. Binding of ions to G-DNA is complex multiple pathway process, which is strongly affected by the type of the cation. The individual ion-binding events are substantially modulated by the connecting loops of the aptamer, which play several roles. They stabilize the molecule during time periods when the bound ions are not present, they modulate the route of the ion into the stem and they also stabilize the internal ions by closing the gates through which the ions enter the quadruplex. Using our extensive simulations, we for the first time observed full spontaneous exchange of internal cation between quadruplex molecule and bulk solvent at atomistic resolution. The simulation suggests that expulsion of the internally bound ion is correlated with initial binding of the incoming ion. The incoming ion then readily replaces the bound ion while minimizing any destabilization of the solute molecule during the exchange

The evolution of coworking spaces in Milan and Prague: Spatial patterns, diffusion, and urban change

During the last two decades, the advanced economies' labor market has changed—the increased use of short-term contracts and higher flexibility in terms of working spaces and work organization. Due to ongoing processes of globalization and the industry 4.0 revolution, distance, location, and time are often no longer considered necessary conditions to do business (McCann 2008; Anderson 2012). In this context, we have witnessed the development and diffusion of coworking spaces. Under the framework of the COST Action CA18214 “The Geography of New Working Spaces and the Impact on the Periphery,” this chapter investigates and compares the development, typology, and dynamics of the spatial distribution of coworking spaces in two Alpha global cities, Prague and Milan. Using two original geo-referenced databases, the chapter firstly proposes time-space quantitative mapping of coworking spaces within Basic Settlement Units in Prague and Local Identity Units in Milan. Local spatial autocorrelation statistics are used to identify spatial clusters in given years. Local Spatio-temporal autocorrelation statistics are applied to identify whether changes in spatial patterns over time are spatially clustered. Based on these findings, the chapter highlights similarities and differences in spatial patterns, spatial diffusion, and evolution of coworking spaces in the two cities Milan. Secondly, the chapter discusses the micro-location of coworking spaces in relation to the internal urban spatial structure and its transformation (urban core commercialization, inner-city urban regeneration, and gentrification) and thereby the transition to the polycentric city model

An international outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis linked to eggs from Poland: a microbiological and epidemiological study

Salmonella&nbsp;spp are a major cause of food-borne outbreaks in Europe. We investigated a large multi-country outbreak of&nbsp;Salmonella enterica&nbsp;serotype Enteritidis in the EU and European Economic Area (EEA).</p