282 research outputs found
Diagnosis and classification of pediatric acute appendicitis by artificial intelligence methods: An investigator-independent approach
Acute appendicitis is one of the major causes for emergency surgery in childhood and adolescence.
Appendectomy is still the therapy of choice, but conservative strategies are
increasingly being studied for uncomplicated inflammation. Diagnosis of acute appendicitis
remains challenging, especially due to the frequently unspecific clinical picture. Inflammatory
blood markers and imaging methods like ultrasound are limited as they have to be interpreted
by experts and still do not offer sufficient diagnostic certainty. This study presents a
method for automatic diagnosis of appendicitis as well as the differentiation between complicated
and uncomplicated inflammation using values/parameters which are routinely and
unbiasedly obtained for each patient with suspected appendicitis. We analyzed full blood
counts, c-reactive protein (CRP) and appendiceal diameters in ultrasound investigations
corresponding to children and adolescents aged 0â17 years from a hospital based population
in Berlin, Germany. A total of 590 patients (473 patients with appendicitis in histopathology
and 117 with negative histopathological findings) were analyzed retrospectively with
modern algorithms from machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI). The discovery
of informative parameters (biomarker signatures) and training of the classification model
were done with a maximum of 35% of the patients. The remaining minimum 65% of patients
were used for validation. At clinical relevant cut-off points the accuracy of the biomarker signature
for diagnosis of appendicitis was 90% (93% sensitivity, 67% specificity), while the
accuracy to correctly identify complicated inflammation was 51% (95% sensitivity, 33%
specificity) on validation data. Such a test would be capable to prevent two out of three
patients without appendicitis from useless surgery as well as one out of three patients with
uncomplicated appendicitis. The presented method has the potential to change todayâs therapeutic
approach for appendicitis and demonstrates the capability of algorithms from AI and
ML to significantly improve diagnostics even based on routine diagnostic parameters
Thomson scattering above solar active regions and an ad-hoc polarization correction method for the emissive corona
Thomson scattered photospheric light is the dominant constituent of the lower
solar corona's spectral continuum viewed off-limb at optical wavelengths. Known
as the K-corona, it is also linearly polarized. We investigate the possibility
of using the a priori polarized characteristics of the K-corona, together with
polarized emission lines, to measure and correct instrument-induced polarized
crosstalk. First, we derive the Stokes parameters of Thomson scattering of
unpolarized light in an irreducible spherical tensor formalism. This allows
forward synthesis of the Thomson scattered signal for the more complex scenario
of symmetry-breaking features in the incident radiation field, which could
limit the accuracy of our proposed technique. For this, we make use of an
advanced 3D radiative magnetohydrodynamic coronal model. Together with
synthesized polarized signals in the Fe XIII 10746 Angstrom emission line, we
find that an ad hoc correction of telescope and instrument-induced polarization
crosstalk is possible under the assumption of a non-depolarizing optical
system.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
Electron interaction with domain walls in antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers
For antiferromagnetically coupled Fe/Cr multilayers the low field
contribution to the resistivity, which is caused by the domain walls, is
strongly enhanced at low temperatures. The low temperature resistivity varies
according to a power law with the exponent about 0.7 to 1. This behavior can
not be explained assuming ballistic electron transport through the domain
walls. It is necessary to invoke the suppression of anti-localization effects
(positive quantum correction to conductivity) by the nonuniform gauge fields
caused by the domain walls.Comment: 5 pages with 3 figure
Rac1-Regulated Endothelial Radiation Response Stimulates Extravasation and Metastasis That Can Be Blocked by HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Radiotherapy (RT) plays a key role in cancer treatment. Although the benefit of ionizing radiation (IR) is well established, some findings raise the possibility that irradiation of the primary tumor not only triggers a killing response but also increases the metastatic potential of surviving tumor cells. Here we addressed the question of whether irradiation of normal cells outside of the primary tumor augments metastasis by stimulating the extravasation of circulating tumor cells. We show that IR exposure of human endothelial cells (EC), tumor cells (TC) or both increases TC-EC adhesion in vitro. IR-stimulated TC-EC adhesion was blocked by the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin. Glycyrrhizic acid from liquorice root, which acts as a Sialyl-Lewis X mimetic drug, and the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 also reduced TC-EC adhesion. To examine the in vivo relevance of these findings, tumorigenic cells were injected into the tail vein of immunodeficient mice followed by total body irradiation (TBI). The data obtained show that TBI dramatically enhances tumor cell extravasation and lung metastasis. This pro-metastatic radiation effect was blocked by pre-treating mice with lovastatin, glycyrrhizic acid or NSC23766. TBI of mice prior to tumor cell transplantation also stimulated metastasis, which was again blocked by lovastatin. The data point to a pro-metastatic trans-effect of RT, which likely rests on the endothelial radiation response promoting the extravasation of circulating tumor cells. Administration of the widely used lipid-lowering drug lovastatin prior to irradiation counteracts this process, likely by suppressing Rac1-regulated E-selectin expression following irradiation. The data support the concern that radiation exposure might increase the extravasation of circulating tumor cells and recommend co-administration of lipid-lowering drugs to avoid this adverse effect of ionizing radiation
Generation of annotated multimodal ground truth datasets for abdominal medical image registration
Sparsity of annotated data is a major limitation in medical image processing
tasks such as registration. Registered multimodal image data are essential for
the diagnosis of medical conditions and the success of interventional medical
procedures. To overcome the shortage of data, we present a method that allows
the generation of annotated multimodal 4D datasets. We use a CycleGAN network
architecture to generate multimodal synthetic data from the 4D extended
cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom and real patient data. Organ masks are provided by
the XCAT phantom, therefore the generated dataset can serve as ground truth for
image segmentation and registration. Realistic simulation of respiration and
heartbeat is possible within the XCAT framework. To underline the usability as
a registration ground truth, a proof of principle registration is performed.
Compared to real patient data, the synthetic data showed good agreement
regarding the image voxel intensity distribution and the noise characteristics.
The generated T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography
(CT), and cone beam CT (CBCT) images are inherently co-registered. Thus, the
synthetic dataset allowed us to optimize registration parameters of a
multimodal non-rigid registration, utilizing liver organ masks for evaluation.
Our proposed framework provides not only annotated but also multimodal
synthetic data which can serve as a ground truth for various tasks in medical
imaging processing. We demonstrated the applicability of synthetic data for the
development of multimodal medical image registration algorithms.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures. This work has been published in the
International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery volum
The existence of the Lambda effect in the solar convection zone indicated by SDO observations
The empirical finding with data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) of
positive (negative) horizontal Reynolds stress at the northern (southern)
hemisphere for solar giant cells (Hathaway et al. 2013) is discussed for its
consequences for the theory of the solar/stellar differential rotation. Solving
the nonlinear Reynolds equation for the angular velocity under neglect of the
meridional circulation we show that the horizontal Reynolds stress of the
northern hemisphere is always negative at the surface but it is positive in the
bulk of the solar convection zone by the action of the Lambda effect. The
Lambda effect, which describes the angular momentum transport of rigidly
rotating anisotropic turbulence and which avoids a rigid-body rotation of the
convection zones, is in horizontal direction of cubic power in the rotation
rate and it is always equatorwards directed. Theories without Lambda
effect which may also provide the observed solar rotation law only by the
action of a meridional circulation lead to a horizontal Reynolds stress with
the opposite sign as observed.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figure
Structural Invariance of Sunspot Umbrae Over the Solar Cycle: 1993-2004
Measurements of maximum magnetic flux, minimum intensity, and size are
presented for 12 967 sunspot umbrae detected on the NASA/NSO
spectromagnetograms between 1993 and 2004 to study umbral structure and
strength during the solar cycle. The umbrae are selected using an automated
thresholding technique. Measured umbral intensities are first corrected for a
confirming observation of umbral limb-darkening. Log-normal fits to the
observed size distribution confirm that the size spectrum shape does not vary
with time. The intensity-magnetic flux relationship is found to be steady over
the solar cycle. The dependence of umbral size on the magnetic flux and minimum
intensity are also independent of cycle phase and give linear and quadratic
relations, respectively. While the large sample size does show a low amplitude
oscillation in the mean minimum intensity and maximum magnetic flux correlated
with the solar cycle, this can be explained in terms of variations in the mean
umbral size. These size variations, however, are small and do not substantiate
a meaningful change in the size spectrum of the umbrae generated by the Sun.
Thus, in contrast to previous reports, the observations suggest the equilibrium
structure, as testified by the invariant size-magnetic field relationship, as
well as the mean size (i.e. strength) of sunspot umbrae do not significantly
depend on solar cycle phase.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures. Published in Solar Physic
Recent Developments in Helioseismic Analysis Methods and Solar Data Assimilation
MR and AS have received funding from the European Research Council under the European Unionâs Seventh Framework Program (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement no. 307117
Educators' working conditions in a day care centre on ownership of a non-profit organization
Background: Working conditions of nursery school teachers have not been scrutinized thoroughly in scientific research. Only a few studies have so far examined work-load and strain in this profession. Preferably, subjective perceptions should be corroborated by data that can be quantified more objectively and accurately. The aim of the present observational field study was to evaluate pedagogical staffs' workflow.
Methods: In 2009 eleven educators in a day care centre were observed throughout three complete workdays. A total of 250 working hours were recorded.
Results: An educators' workday lasted on average 07:46:59 h (SD = 01:01:10 h).Within this time span, an average of 02:20:46 h (30.14%, SD = 00:28:07 h) were spent on caring, 01:44:18 h on playing (22.33%, SD = 00:54:12 h), 00:49:37 h on educational work (10.62%, SD = 00:40:09), and only 00:05:38 h on individual child contact (1.21%, SD = 00:04:58 h).
Conclusion: For the first time, educators' workflow in day care centres was studied in real time. Some of the educators' self-reported problems were corroborated. The results of this study form a basis upon which further investigations can be built and measures can be developed for an overall improvement of child care
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