Las Promociones publicitarias en la prensa : evolución y análisis sistémico de las promociones realizadas entre los años 1990-1998 en la prensa de información general de Catalunya /

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaEl objeto de la tesis es analizar y sistematizar un fenómeno de comunicación empresarial que en el caso de España, y más concretamente Catalunya, adquiere unas características especiales en cuanto a profusión, liberalidad y originalidad: las promociones en la prensa. Se ha dividido en tres grandes bloques: el marco teórico de la Promoción de Ventas (evolución histórica del término, delimitación del concepto, principales características definitorias y el establecimiento de una clasificación de las técnicas básicas). Seguidamente se ha procedido a contextualizar la prensa con relación a la época desde inicios de los 80 a finales de los 90. Por último, se ha procedido a desarrollar el tema central de la investigación, la evolución y análisis de las promociones en el sector de la prensa. Para ello se han auditado las actas de la Oficina de Justificación de la Difusión (OJD) entre los años 1990-1998 y entrevistado en profundidad a los responsables de los diarios seleccionados (Avui, La Vanguardia, El Periódico de Catalunya, El País y el Mundo), entendiendo como tales a Directores Generales, Directores de Marketing o de Comunicación. La hipótesis de la investigación defiende la rentabilidad de las promociones a pesar que los costes que supone realizarlas (producción, distribución y comunicación mediante campaña publicitaria) no son superados, por norma, por los ingresos (aumento de ejemplares vendidos e inversión de los patrocinadores) Aunque no se ha entrado en el detalle del balance de gastos e ingresos debido a la confidencialidad de los mismos, los datos generales y unánimes aportados por los entrevistados así lo corroboran. Sin embargo, tras contabilizar las promociones desarrolladas durante nueve años por las cinco cabeceras seleccionadas en el estudio comprobamos que las promociones no han dejado de crecer en número y ni en días del año. Es decir cada vez hay más promociones y durante más tiempo. Por todo ello, se ha defendido la hipótesis de la rentabilidad de la inversión en promociones por parte de los diarios si bien, no en relación costes / ingresos (ya que como se ha dicho los primeros superan a los segundos) sino en términos de garantizar la audiencia, y por tanto la inversión publicitaria, a través de una rentabilidad indirecta. Como se verá, las promociones en la prensa cumplen la función de mantener una difusión promedio a lo largo del año que permita al diario garantizar un número determinado de lectores suficiente como para que a los anunciantes les interese comprar espacio publicitario.The objective of this thesis is to analyse and systematize a business communication phenomenon which in Spain's case and more precisely in Catalonia, acquires several special characteristics, concerning profusion, liberality and originality: the Press sales promotion's . It has been divided into three sections. Firstly the sales promotion's theoretical context, (the historic evolution of the term, delimitation of the concept, main definition characteristics and the establishment of the classification's basic techniques). Secondly the press has been contextualised in relation to the beginning of the 80's until the late 1990's. Finally the main issue of our investigation, the evolution and analysis of the sales promotion in the Press sector, has been developed in detail. For this reason the certificates from the oficina de la justificación de la difusión (Justification broadcasting office), have been audited between 1990 and 1998. We have also interviewed in ernest those reponsable for the selected Newspapers (Avui, La Vanguardia, El Periódico de Catalunya, EL País y el mundo). Understood as CEO's, Marketing Directors and Communications directors. We defended the sales promotions rentability, in spite of the costs (production, distribution and communication) are not overcomed normally, by the revenue (journals saled and sponsor income) . Though we haven't entered into detail with regards to the spending and the income balance due to it's confidentiality, the general data unanimously supplied by those who were interviewed, support this fact. Nevertheless after auditing the promotion development during nine years by the chosen five. We prove that the promotions have not decreased in number, nor in global daily production figures. That is to say, each time there are more sales promotion and for longer periods of time. Therefore the rentability hypothesis of the investment in promotions has been defended by the daily Newspapers, no with regards to cost-income (as mentioned above) but rather in terms of guaranteeing the audience and therefore the publications investment, through indirect rentability. As we will see, the press sales promotions fulfil the function of maintaining an average broadcasting during the year, that allows the newspapers to guarantee a determined number of readers. Sufficient so as to keep the sales promotions interested in buying their publicity spaces

Monitoring of miR-181a-5p and miR-155-5p Plasmatic Expression as Prognostic Biomarkers for Acute and Subclinical Rejection in de novo Adult Liver Transplant Recipients.

Background and Aims: News strategies for the accurate assessment of the state of immunosuppression (IS) in liver transplant recipients are needed to prevent rejection and minimize drug-related side effects. miRNAs can potentially be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in transplant patients. This study evaluated the capacity of a plasmatic miRNA panel (miR-155-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-181a-5p, and miR148-3p) as an early non-invasive prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for T cell-mediated acute rejection (TCMAR) and subclinical rejection (SCR) in adult liver recipients. Methods: A total of 145 liver recipients were included. All patients received a calcineurin inhibitor with or without mycophenolate mofetil and methylprednisolone. Plasmatic miRNA expression was assessed by qPCR before and at different time-points after liver transplantation. Results: Seventeen patients experienced TCMAR, and eight were diagnosed with SCR during the protocol biopsy at the 3rd month post-transplantation. Pre-transplantation, miR-155-5p expression was significantly higher in TCMAR patients and in SCR patients than in non-rejectors, and miR-181a-5p expression was also significantly higher in SCR patients than in non-rejectors. Post-transplantation, before transaminase-level modification, significantly increased miR-181a-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-122-5p expression was observed in TCMAR and SCR patients. Binary logistic regression analyses showed, post-transplantation, that TCMAR risk was better predicted by individual expression of miR-181a-5p (LOGIT = -6.35 + 3.87*miR-181a-5p), and SCR risk was better predicted by the combination of miR-181a-5p and miR-155-5p expression (LOGIT = -5.18 + 2.27*miR-181a-5p+1.74*miR-155-5p). Conclusions: Pre-transplantation plasmatic miR-155-5p expression may be useful for stratifying low-immunologic-risk patients, and post-transplantation miR-181a-5p and miR-155-5p may be candidates for inclusion in early, non-invasive prognostic biomarker panels to prevent TCMAR or SCR and better identify patient candidates for IS minimization. Large prospective randomized multicenter trials are needed to refine the cut-off values and algorithms and validate the clinical usefulness of these biomarkers

Melatonin Enhances Cisplatin and Radiation Cytotoxicity in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Stimulating Mitochondrial ROS Generation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy

Head and neck cancer is the sixth leading cancer by incidence worldwide. Unfortunately, drug resistance and relapse are the principal limitations of clinical oncology for many patients, and the failure of conventional treatments is an extremely demoralizing experience. It is therefore crucial to find new therapeutic targets and drugs to enhance the cytotoxic effects of conventional treatments without potentiating or offsetting the adverse effects. Melatonin has oncostatic effects, although the mechanisms involved and doses required remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine the precise underlying mitochondrial mechanisms of melatonin, which increase the cytotoxicity of oncological treatments, and also to propose new melatonin treatments in order to alleviate and reverse radio- and chemoresistant processes. We analyzed the effects of melatonin on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines (Cal-27 and SCC-9), which were treated with 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 1.5mM melatonin combined with 8 Gy irradiation or 10 μM cisplatin. Clonogenic and MTT assays, as well as autophagy and apoptosis, involving flow cytometry and western blot, were performed in order to determine the cytotoxic effects of the treatments. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by measuring mitochondrial respiration, mtDNA content (RT-PCR), and mitochondrial mass (NAO). ROS production, antioxidant enzyme activity, and GSH/GSSG levels were analyzed using a fluorometric method. We show that high concentrations of melatonin potentiate the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy and CDDP in HNSCC, which are associated with increased mitochondrial function in these cells. In HNSCC, melatonin induces intracellular ROS, whose accumulation plays an upstream role in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and autophagy. Our findings indicate that melatonin, at high concentrations, combined with cisplatin and radiotherapy to improve its effectiveness, is a potential adjuvant agent.This study was partially supported by grants from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain, and the FEDER Regional Development Fund (nos. SAF2013-49019 and SAF2017-85903), from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (no. CB/10/00238), and from the Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía (CTS-101)

New records of urban cockroaches in Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico (Insecta: Blattodea)

We conducted a study to determinate the richness of cockroaches in the urban area of Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico. Six species were recorded, which result new regional records. Interspecific relationships of these species are also documented

Melatonin Targets Metabolism in Head and Neck Cancer Cells by Regulating Mitochondrial Structure and Function

This study was funded by grants from the Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad y por el Fondo de Desarrollo Regional FEDER, Spain nº SAF2013-49019, SAF2017-85903-P, and from the Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa, Junta de Andalucía (P07- CTS- 03135, P10- CTS- 5784, and CTS- 101), Spain. J.F. and L.M. have FPU fellowships from the Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte, Spain. C.R.S. was a schorlarship holder from the Plan Propio de Investigación of the University of Granada.We wish to thank Michael O’Shea for proofreading the paper.Metabolic reprogramming, which is characteristic of cancer cells that rapidly adapt to the hypoxic microenvironment and is crucial for tumor growth and metastasis, is recognized as one of the major mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance. Mitochondria, which are directly involved in metabolic reprogramming, are used to design novel mitochondria-targeted anticancer agents. Despite being targeted by melatonin, the functional role of mitochondria in melatonin's oncostatic activity remains unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of melatonin in mitochondrial metabolism and its functional consequences in head and neck cancer. We analyzed the effects of melatonin on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines (Cal-27 and SCC-9), which were treated with 100, 500, and 1500 mu M of melatonin for 1, 3, and 5 days, and found a connection between a change of metabolism following melatonin treatment and its effects on mitochondria. Our results demonstrate that melatonin induces a shift to an aerobic mitochondrial metabolism that is associated with changes in mitochondrial morphology, function, fusion, and fission in HNSCC. We found that melatonin increases oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and inhibits glycolysis in HNSCC, resulting in increased ROS production, apoptosis, and mitophagy, and decreased cell proliferation. Our findings highlight new molecular pathways involved in melatonin's oncostatic activity, suggesting that it could act as an adjuvant agent in a potential therapy for cancer patients. We also found that high doses of melatonin, such as those used in this study for its cytotoxic impact on HNSCC cells, might lead to additional effects through melatonin receptors.Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad y por el Fondo de Desarrollo Regional FEDER, Spain SAF2013-49019 SAF2017-85903-PJunta de Andalucia P07-CTS-03135 P10-CTS-5784 CTS-101Ministerio de Educacion Cultura y Deporte, SpainPlan Propio de Investigacion of the University of Granad

Comment on "Evidence from acoustic imaging for submarine volcanic activity in 2012 off the west coast of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain)" by Pérez NM, Somoza L, Hernández PA, González de Vallejo L, León R, Sagiya T, Biain A, González FJ, Medialdea T, Barrancos J, Ibáñez J, Sumino H, Nogami K and Romero C [Bull Volcanol (2014) 76:882-896]

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Izaña Atmospheric Research Center. Activity Report 2015-2016

This report is a summary of the many activities at the Izaña Atmospheric Research Center to the broader community. The combination of operational activities, research and development in state-of-the-art measurement techniques, calibration and validation and international cooperation encompass the vision of WMO to provide world leadership in expertise and international cooperation in weather, climate, hydrology and related environmental issues

European Red List of Trees

The European Red List is a review of the status of European species according to IUCN regional Red Listing guidelines. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the regional level – in order that appropriate conservation action can be taken to improve their status. This publication summarises results for all Europe’s native species of tree (454 species), of which 265 species (over 58%) are endemic to continental Europe, with 56% (252 species) endemic to the 28 EU Member States. Of these, 168 (42%) of the species are threatened with extinction at the European level, however, for 57 species (nearly 13%) there was insufficient information to assign a conservation status, and are therefore classified as Data Deficient, and in need of further research. The main threat to tree species in Europe has been identified as invasive or problematic species, impacting 38% of tree species, followed by deforestation and wood harvesting, and urban development (both affecting 20% of tree species). For threatened species, livestock farming, land abandonment, changes in forest and woodland management, and other ecosystem modifications such as fire are the major threats, impacting the survival of trees.Peer reviewe

Use of SSR and retrotransposon-based markers to interpret the population structure of native grapevines from Southern Italy

Native grapevines are the quintessential ele- ments of Southern Italy winemaking, and genomic char- acterization plays a role of primary importance for preservation and sustainable use of these unexploited genetic resources. Among the various molecular techniques available, SSR and retrotransposons-based markers result to be the most valuable for cultivars and biotypes distinc- tiveness. A total of 62 accessions including 38 local grape cultivars were analyzed with 30 SSR, four REMAP and one IRAP markers to assess their genetic diversity and obtain a complete genomic profiling. The use of VrZAG79, VrZAG112, VVS2, VVMD25 and VVMD5 combined with retrotransposon-based markers proved to be the most dis- criminating and polymorphic markers for the rapid and unambiguous identification of minority grapevines from Campania region, which is considered one of the most appreciated Italian districts for wine production. Results revealed 58 SSR marker-specific alleles, 22 genotype- specific SSR alleles, and four REMAP and IRAP private bands. Cases of synonymy and homonymy were discov- ered. In conclusion, we provided evidences that the inte- grating SSR and retrotransposon-based markers is an effective strategy to assess the genetic diversity of autochthonous grapes, allowing their easy identification