Pathogen disgust sensitivity changes according to the perceived harshness of the environment

Much research has explored behaviours that are linked with disgust sensitivity. Few studies, however, have been devoted to understanding how fixed or variable disgust sensitivity is. We therefore aimed to examine whether disgust sensitivity can change with the environment by repeatedly testing students whose environment was not changing as well as student cadets undergoing intensive training at an army camp. We found that an increase in the perceived harshness of the environment was associated with a decrease in pathogen disgust sensitivity. Our results support the idea that disgust sensitivity is malleable depending on the environment. More specifically, we propose that in a harsh environment, where survival may be more difficult, pathogen disgust sensitivity may decrease to allow the consumption of available resources.PostprintPeer reviewe

Phonetic analysis of speech and memory codes in beginning readers

Two experimental tasks, a speech segmentation and a short-term memory task, were presented to children who began to learn to read following either the "phonic" or the "wholeword" method. The segmentation task required the child to reverse two segments (either two phones or two syllables) in an utterance. The phonic group performed significantly better than the whole-word group in the "phonic reversal" task, but no difference appeared in the "syllable reversal" task. This indicated (1) that most children by the age of 6 years are ready to discover that speech consists of a sequence of phones and (2) that the moment at which they do it is influenced by the way they are taught to read. In the memory task, the children recalled series of visually presented items whose names either rhymed or did not. The difference in performance for the rhyming and nonrhyming series was significant in both groups. It was no greater for the phonic than for the whole-word group and was uncorrelated with the "phonic reversal" task. These results are discussed in connection with the distinction between ways of lexical access and ways of representing verbal information in short-term memory. © 1982 Psychonomic Society, Inc.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Beyond Purity: Moral Disgust toward Bad Character

Previous studies support a link between moral disgust and impurity, while anger is linked to harm. We challenge this strict correspondence, and show that disgust is sensitive to information about moral character, even for harm violations. By contrast, anger is sensitive to information about actions, including their moral wrongness and consequences. Study 1 examined disgust and anger toward an action that indicates especially bad moral character (animal cruelty) versus an action that is more wrong (domestic abuse). Animal cruelty was associated with more disgust, whereas domestic abuse was associated with more anger. Studies 2 and 3 manipulated character by varying the agent’s desire to cause harm, and also varied the action’s harmful consequences. Desire to harm predicted only disgust (controlling for anger), while consequences were more closely related to anger (controlling for disgust). Taken together, these results indicate disgust responds to evidence of bad moral character, not just to impurity

AN ACTUAL METHODS OF RIGHT-SIDED CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIAS SURGICAL TREATMENT

Purpose: to improve the surgical treatment outcomes in children with right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernias (RCDH).Materials and methods. An anatomical experimental study included filing vena cava inferior and hepatic veins with barium suspense was carried out in 4 children’s corps: with RCDH (2) and the control – without RCDH (2). An X-ray vasographic comparison was performed. Carrying out a clinical part of investigation, two groups of patients were compared: operated till 2008 (22 children) when forced replacement of liver under the diaphragm with its followed closure above the liver, and operated after 2008 (11 children) with partial closure of a diaphragmatic defect up to the liver and followed diaphragmaplasty with synthetic lattice. Clinical and X-ray examinations were performed then.Results. An anatomic research revealed that hepatic veins in RCDH corps were situated upper than in control corps in ½ or 1 thoracic vertebra. In the first group children lethal outcomes was in 9 patients (40.9%), in second group there were no any lethal outcomes.Summary: 1. RCDH must be considered as an intrathoracic liver ectopic position. 2. There is rational to use transthoracic approach in children with such a pathology

Об оптимизации смешанной зарядной инфраструктуры электробусов для городских маршрутов

Objectives. When transition from a fleet of diesel buses to a fleet of electric buses, it is important to optimize the charging infrastructure, which combines the slow-charging technologies at the depot overnight and fast recharging at the terminals of the routes. The purpose of the study is to create models and methods for developing the cost-effective solutions for selecting this type of charging infrastructure for a fleet of electric buses serving the city route system, taking into account a number of specific conditions. The operation of the fleet and charging infrastructure is modeled both for the depot at night and for the terminal stops in the most representative period of the day, characterized by the highest intensity of passenger traffic and maximum power consumption.Methods. Methods of set theory, graph theory and linear approximation are used.Results. A mathematical model has been developed for the problem of optimizing a mixed-type charging infrastructure for an electric bus fleet. The total daily cost of charging stations, degradation of electric bus batteries and consumed electricity was chosen as the objective function. The model is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem.Conclusion. To solve the formulated problem, standard solvers like IBM ILOG CPLEX can be used. The solution of the problem lies in the choice of durations and schedules for charging electric buses at low-capacity charging stations in the depot at night and at high-capacity charging stations of terminal stops in a given range of peak hours.Цели. При переходе от парка дизельных автобусов к парку электробусов актуальной является оптимизация зарядной инфраструктуры, совмещающей технологии медленной зарядки батарей в депо в ночное время и быстрой подзарядки на конечных остановках маршрутов. Цель исследования заключается в создании моделей и методов выработки экономически эффективных решений по выбору зарядной инфраструктуры такого типа для парка электробусов, обслуживающих систему городских маршрутов с учетом ряда специфических условий. Функционирование парка и зарядной инфраструктуры моделируется как для депо в ночной период, так и для конечных остановок в наиболее представительный период дня, характеризующийся наибольшей интенсивностью пассажиропотока и максимальным расходом электроэнергии.Методы. Используются методы теории множеств, теории графов и линейной аппроксимации.Результаты. Разработана математическая модель задачи оптимизации зарядной инфраструктуры смешанного типа для парка электробусов. В качестве целевой функции выбрана суммарная дневная стоимость зарядных станций, износа батарей электробусов парка и потребленной электроэнергии. Модель сформулирована в виде задачи смешанного целочисленного линейного программирования.Заключение. Для решения сформулированной задачи целочисленного линейного программирования могут использоваться стандартные решатели типа IBM ILOG CPLEX. Решение задачи заключается в выборе длительностей и расписаний зарядки электробусов на зарядных станциях малой мощности в депо в ночное время и на зарядных станциях большой мощности конечных остановок в заданном диапазоне часов пик

Case of chest-wall rigidity in a preterm infant caused by prenatal fentanyl administration

The inability to appropriately ventilate neonates shortly after their birth could be related in rare cases to chest-wall rigidity caused by the placental transfer of fentanyl. Although this adverse effect is recognized when fentanyl is administered to neonates after their birth, the prenatal phenomenon is less known. Treatment with either naloxone or muscle relaxants reverses the fentanyl effect and may prevent unnecessary excessive ventilatory settings

Positive words carry less information than negative words

We show that the frequency of word use is not only determined by the word length \cite{Zipf1935} and the average information content \cite{Piantadosi2011}, but also by its emotional content. We have analyzed three established lexica of affective word usage in English, German, and Spanish, to verify that these lexica have a neutral, unbiased, emotional content. Taking into account the frequency of word usage, we find that words with a positive emotional content are more frequently used. This lends support to Pollyanna hypothesis \cite{Boucher1969} that there should be a positive bias in human expression. We also find that negative words contain more information than positive words, as the informativeness of a word increases uniformly with its valence decrease. Our findings support earlier conjectures about (i) the relation between word frequency and information content, and (ii) the impact of positive emotions on communication and social links.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, 3 table

Understanding traditional and modern eating: The TEP10 framework

Across the world, there has been a movement from traditional to modern eating, including a movement of traditional eating patterns from their origin culture to new cultures, and the emergence of new foods and eating behaviors. This trend toward modern eating is of particular significance because traditional eating has been related to positive health outcomes and sustainability. Yet, there is no consensus on what constitutes traditional and modern eating. The present study provides a comprehensive compilation of the various facets that seem to make up traditional and modern eating. Specifically, 106 facets were mentioned in the previous literature and expert discussions, combining international and interdisciplinary perspectives. The present study provides a framework (the TEP10 framework) systematizing these 106 facets into two major dimensions, what and how people eat, and 12 subdimensions. Hence, focusing only on single facets of traditional and modern eating is an oversimplification of this complex phenomenon. Instead, the multidimensionality and interplay between different facets should be considered to gain a comprehensive understanding of the trends, consequences, and underlying factors of traditional and modern eating

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ДИНАМИЧЕСКИ ИЗМЕНЯЕМЫХ РЕЖИМОВ ГРУППОВОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ РЕЗАНИЕМ НА МНОГОПОЗИЦИОННОМ МНОГОИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНОМ ОБОРУДОВАНИИ

One of the problems of defining the rational cutting modes of batch processing of different parts on multi-position multi-tool equipment is considered. It is assumed that the modes for identical parts should be the same and the modes for different parts could be different while maintaining the kinemat-ic relations between rotational speeds of the spindles of one spindle box. The mathematical model of the problem is developed. The model is aimed at minimizing the cost of batch processing taking into account the required throughput and technological constraints for each of the tools. The two-level de-composition approach to solve the problem is proposed.Рассматривается одна из задач определения рациональных режимов групповой обработки ре-занием следующих друг за другом идентичных подпоследовательностей заготовок деталей различных наименований на многопозиционном многоинструментальном оборудовании. Предполагается, что для деталей одного наименования режимы обработки должны быть одинаковыми, а для деталей разных наименований режимы могут быть различными при сохранении кинематических связей между частотами вращения шпинделей одной шпиндельной коробки. Разработанная математиче-ская модель задачи ориентирована на минимизацию технологической себестоимости обработки группы заготовок деталей с учетом требуемой производительности и основных конструктивно-технологи¬ческих ограничений по каждому из инструментов. Предлагается двухуровневый декомпо-зиционный подход к решению поставленной задачи

Подход к оптимизации зарядной инфраструктуры автономных троллейбусов для городских маршрутов

P u r p o s e s.  When designing a system of urban electric transport that charges while driving, including autonomous trolleybuses with batteries of increased capacity, it is important to optimize the charging infrastructure for a fleet of such vehicles. The charging infrastructure of the dedicated routes consists of overhead wire sections along the routes and stationary charging stations of a given type at the terminal stops of the routes. It is designed to ensure the movement of trolleybuses and restore the charge of their batteries, consumed in the sections of autonomous running.The aim of the study is to create models and methods for developing cost-effective solutions for charging infrastructure, ensuring the functioning of the autonomous trolleybus fleet, respecting a number of specific conditions. Conditions include ensuring a specified range of autonomous trolleybus running at a given rate of energy consumption on routes, a guaranteed service life of their batteries, as well as preventing the discharge of batteries below a critical level under various operating modes during their service life.M e t ho d s. Methods of set theory, graph theory and linear approximation are used.Re s u l t s. A mathematical model has been developed for the optimization problem of the charging infrastructure of the autonomous trolleybus fleet. The total reduced annual costs for the charging infrastructure are selected as the objective function. The model is formulated as a mathematical programming problem with a quadratic objective function and linear constraints.Co n c l u s i o n. To solve the formulated problem of mathematical programming, standard solvers such as IBM ILOG CPLEX can be used, as well as, taking into account its computational complexity, the heuristic method of "swarm of particles".  The solution to the problem is to select the configuration of the location of the overhead wire sections on the routes and the durations of charging the trolleybuses at the terminal stops, which determine the corresponding number of stationary charging stations at these stops.Ц е л и. При проектировании системы городского электротранспорта, заряжающегося во время движения, в том числе автономных троллейбусов с батареями увеличенной емкости, актуальной является оптимизация зарядной инфраструктуры для парка такого транспорта. Зарядная инфраструктура выделенных маршрутов состоит из секций контактной сети вдоль маршрутов и стационарных зарядных станций заданного типа на конечных остановках маршрутов. Она предназначена для обеспечения движения троллейбусов и восстановления заряда их батарей, израсходованного на участках автономного хода.Цель исследования заключается в создании моделей и методов выработки экономически эффективных решений по зарядной инфраструктуре, обеспечивающих функционирование парка автономных троллейбусов с учетом ряда специфических условий. Условия включают обеспечение заданного диапазона автономного хода троллейбусов при заданной скорости расхода энергии на маршрутах и гарантийного срока эксплуатации их батарей, а также предотвращение разряда батарей ниже критического уровня при различных режимах эксплуатации в течение срока их службы.М е то д ы. Используются методы теории множеств, теории графов и линейной аппроксимации.Р е з у л ь т а т ы.  Разработана математическая модель задачи оптимизации зарядной инфраструктуры парка автономных троллейбусов. В качестве целевой функции выбраны суммарные приведенные годовые затраты на зарядную инфраструктуру. Модель сформулирована в виде задачи математического программирования с квадратичной целевой функцией и линейными ограничениями.З а к л ю ч е н и е. Для решения сформулированной задачи математического программирования могут использоваться стандартные решатели типа IBM ILOG CPLEX, а также, с учетом ее вычислительной сложности, эвристический метод «роя частиц». Решение задачи заключается в выборе конфигурации расположения секций контактной сети на маршрутах и длительностей зарядки троллейбусов на конечных остановках, определяющих соответствующие количества стационарных зарядных станций на этих остановках