SOCIAL INTERACTION OF LARGE BUSINESSES AS A SECURITY CONDITION OF ITS OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORTHERN REGION

Purpose: The aim of the research is to identify social interaction of large businesses as a security condition of its operation and development in the northern region. Methodology: This is descriptive-analytic research whose data are obtained through library studies and analytical resources. Data analysis is based on content analysis and analytical comparison. Result: Results showed that to improve the safety of large businesses in the Northern region continuous socially-oriented activities aimed at improving the quality of life of the population of the region of presence with the support of various social initiatives in the region of presence are required. Applications: This research can be used for businessmen and developers. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of social interaction of large businesses is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner

Protective factors of cognitive reserve

The high risk of cognitive disorders in late age determines the relevance of research into the mechanisms and development of a model of cognitive reserve to prevent the transformation of physiological aging into pathological.Высокий риск когнитивных расстройств в позднем возрасте обусловливает актуальность исследования механизмов и разработки модели когнитивного резерва для предотвращения трансформации физиологического старения в патологическое

Isolation and Characterization of EstC, a New Cold-Active Esterase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

The genome sequence of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) contains more than 50 genes coding for putative lipolytic enzymes. Many studies have shown the capacity of this actinomycete to store important reserves of intracellular triacylglycerols in nutrient depletion situations. In the present study, we used genome mining of S. coelicolor to identify genes coding for putative, non-secreted esterases/lipases. Two genes were cloned and successfully overexpressed in E. coli as His-tagged fusion proteins. One of the recombinant enzymes, EstC, showed interesting cold-active esterase activity with a strong potential for the production of valuable esters. The purified enzyme displayed optimal activity at 35°C and was cold-active with retention of 25% relative activity at 10°C. Its optimal pH was 8.5–9 but the enzyme kept more than 75% of its maximal activity between pH 7.5 and 10. EstC also showed remarkable tolerance over a wide range of pH values, retaining almost full residual activity between pH 6–11. The enzyme was active toward short-chain p-nitrophenyl esters (C2–C12), displaying optimal activity with the valerate (C5) ester (kcat/Km = 737±77 s−1 mM−1). The enzyme was also very active toward short chain triglycerides such as triacetin (C2:0) and tributyrin (C4:0), in addition to showing good primary alcohol and organic solvent tolerance, suggesting it could function as an interesting candidate for organic synthesis of short-chain esters such as flavors

THE ASSOCIATION OF DEPRESSION WITH C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (THE DATA OF ESSE-RF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY)

Aim. To study the association of depression with a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level, taking into account the main risk factors and noncommunicable diseases in Russia residents.Material and methods. The data of ESSE-RF multicenter study (a representative sample of the unorganized male and female population aged 25-64 years from 8 regions surveyed in 2012-2014) were used in the work. A total 11884 people were involved into the study including 35.9% men. The examination included a survey on the standard questionnaire containing data on disease history, etc. The level of depression was assessed by the validated in Russian Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS, 1983). hsCRP level was determined in all patients.Results. The continuing association between elevated levels of depression (HADS-D ≥8+) and high level of hsCRP ≥3.0 mg/l (odds ratio [OR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.27; p=0.009) was found in the multivariate model, after adjustment for sex, age, education, and risk factors. Reducing of the relationship of elevated levels of depression with a high level of hsCRP (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.00-1.24; p=0.048) was found with the additional introduction of diseases in the model. This relationship was reduced to not statistically significant level (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.98-1.20; p=0.134) in the full model adjusted for regions.Conclusion. The reduced association of depression with hsCRP ajusted for aggregate risk factors was found in the study. This suggests about multifactor affecting on this relationship

Coordinated spatial and temporal expression of Hox genes during embryogenesis in the acoel Convolutriloba longifissura

Background: Hox genes are critical for patterning the bilaterian anterior-posterior axis. The evolution of their clustered genomic arrangement and ancestral function has been debated since their discovery. As acoels appear to represent the sister group to the remaining Bilateria (Nephrozoa), investigating Hox gene expression will provide an insight into the ancestral features of the Hox genes in metazoan evolution. Results: We describe the expression of anterior, central and posterior class Hox genes and the ParaHox ortholog Cdx in the acoel Convolutriloba longifissura. Expression of all three Hox genes begins contemporaneously after gastrulation and then resolves into staggered domains along the anterior-posterior axis, suggesting that the spatial coordination of Hox gene expression was present in the bilaterian ancestor. After early surface ectodermal expression, the anterior and central class genes are expressed in small domains of putative neural precursor cells co-expressing ClSoxB1, suggesting an evolutionary early function of Hox genes in patterning parts of the nervous system. In contrast, the expression of the posterior Hox gene is found in all three germ layers in a much broader posterior region of the embryo. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the ancestral set of Hox genes was involved in the anteriorposterior patterning of the nervous system of the last common bilaterian ancestor and were later co-opted for patterning in diverse tissues in the bilaterian radiation. The lack of temporal colinearity of Hox expression in acoels may be due to a loss of genomic clustering in this clade or, alternatively, temporal colinearity may have arisen in conjunction with the expansion of the Hox cluster in the Nephrozoa

Криогенно-структурированный гидрогель на основе желатина как резорбируемая макропористая матрица для биомедицинских технологий

Objective: to investigate the biological properties of a matrix made of cryogenically structured hydrogel in the form of a macroporous gelatin sponge, as well as the possibility of creating cell-engineered constructs (CECs) on its basis. Materials and methods. The main components of the cryogenically structured hydrogel were gelatin (type A) obtained from porcine skin collagen, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide, (EDC) and urea (all from Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The degree of swelling in water of the samples was determined by gravimetric method. Cytotoxicity was studied on NIH3T3, a fibroblast cell line isolated from a mouse, and on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hAMSCs) using IncuCyte ZOOM (EssenBioscience, USA). The metabolic activity of hAMSCs was assessed using PrestoBlue™ reagents (Invitrogen™, USA). To create CECs, we used hAMSCs, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 or human umbilical vein endothelial cell lines EA.hy926. Albumin content in the culture medium was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Ammonia metabolism rate was assessed after 90 minutes of incubation with 1 mM ammonium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) diluted in a culture medium on day 15 of the experiment. Results. Obtaining a cryogenically structured hydrogel scaffold in the form of macroporous gelatin sponge included freezing an aqueous solution of a gelatin+urea mixture, removal of polycrystals of frozen solvent by lyophilization, extraction of urea with ethanol and treatment of the cryostructurate with an ethanol solution of EDC. Scanning electron microscopy identified three types of pores on the carrier surface: large (109 ± 17 μm), medium (39 ± 10 μm), and small (16 ± 6 μm). The degree of swelling in water of the matrix samples was 3.8 ± 0.2 g H2O per 1 g of dry polymer. The macroporous gelatin sponge as a part of CEC was found to have the ability to support adhesion and proliferation of hAMSCs, EA.hy926 and HepG2 for 28, 15 and 9 days, respectively. Albumin secretion and ammonia metabolism when HepG2 cells were cultured on the gelatin sponge were detected. Conclusion. The use of a matrix made from macroporous cryogenically structured gelatin-based hydrogel for tissue engineering products is shown to be promising using a cell-engineered liver construct as a case.Цель: исследование биологических свойств матрицы из криогенно-структурированного гидрогеля в форме макропористой желатиновой губки, а также возможности создания на ее основе клеточно-инженерных конструкций. Материалы и методы. Основными компонентами криогенно-структурированного гидрогеля были желатин (тип А), полученный из коллагена свиной кожи, N-(3-диметиламинопропил)-N’-этил-карбодиимид, (ЭДК) и мочевина (все – Sigma-Aldrich, США). Морфологию поверхности исследовали с использованием сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Степень набухания в воде образцов определяли гравиметрическим методом. Цитотоксичность исследовали на фибробластах мыши линии NIH 3T3 и мезенхимальных стромальных клетках жировой ткани человека (МСК ЖТч) с использованием IncuCyte ZOOM (EssenBioscience, США). Метаболическую активность МСК ЖТч оценивали с помощью реагентов PrestoBlue™ (Invitrogen™, США). Для создания клеточно-инженерных конструкций (КИК) использовали МСК ЖТч, клетки гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы HepG2 или эндотелиальные клетки пупочной вены человека линии EA.hy926. Содержание альбумина в культуральной среде определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Скорость метаболизма аммиака оценивали после 90 минут инкубации с 1 mM хлоридом аммония (Sigma-Aldrich, США), разведенным в культуральной среде на 15-е сутки эксперимента. Результаты. Получение матрицы из криогенно-структурированного гидрогеля в форме макропористой желатиновой губки включало замораживание водного раствора смеси желатина и мочевины, удаление поликристаллов замерзшего растворителя лиофилизацией, экстракцию мочевины этанолом и обработку криоструктурата этанольным раствором ЭДК. Сканирующая электронная микроскопия позволила выделить три типа пор на поверхности носителя: крупные (109 ± 17 мкм), средние (39 ± 10 мкм) и малые (16 ± 6 мкм). Степень набухания в воде образцов матрицы составила 3,8 ± 0,2 г Н2О на 1 г сухого полимера. Установлена способность макропористой желатиновой губки в составе КИК поддерживать адгезию и пролиферацию МСК ЖТч, эндотелиальных клеток пупочной вены человека линии EA.hy926 и HepG2 в течение 28, 15 и 9 суток соответственно. Доказано наличие секреции альбумина и метаболизма аммиака при культивировании клеток HepG2 на желатиновой губке. Заключение. На примере клеточно-инженерной конструкции печени показана перспективность использования матрицы из макропористого криогенно-структурированного гидрогеля на основе желатина для создания продуктов тканевой инженерии

Pragmatic skills predict online counterfactual comprehension:Evidence from the N400

Counterfactual thought allows people to consider alternative worlds they know to be false. Communicating these thoughts through language poses a social-communicative challenge because listeners typically expect a speaker to produce true utterances, but counterfactuals per definition convey information that is false. Listeners must therefore incorporate overt linguistic cues (subjunctive mood, such as in If I loved you then) in a rapid way to infer the intended counterfactual meaning. The present EEG study focused on the comprehension of such counterfactual antecedents and investigated if pragmatic ability—the ability to apply knowledge of the social-communicative use of language in daily life—predicts the online generation of counterfactual worlds. This yielded two novel findings: (1) Words that are consistent with factual knowledge incur a semantic processing cost, as reflected in larger N400 amplitude, in counterfactual antecedents compared to hypothetical antecedents (If sweets were/are made of sugar). We take this to suggest that counterfactuality is quickly incorporated during language comprehension and reduces online expectations based on factual knowledge. (2) Individual scores on the Autism Quotient Communication subscale modulated this effect, suggesting that individuals who are better at understanding the communicative intentions of other people are more likely to reduce knowledge-based expectations in counterfactuals. These results are the first demonstration of the real-time pragmatic processes involved in creating possible worlds

Non-High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Modern Benchmark for Assessing Lipid Metabolism Disorders

Aim. To perform a population analysis of Non-High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol level (non-HDL-c) in Russian population and to evaluate its association with cardiovascular events.Material and Methods. The material consisted of results obtained from 11 regions of the ESSE-RF1 Study and from 4 regions of the ESSE-RF2 Study. Study protocols were identical. The studies were performed in 2012-2014 and 2017, respectively. Endpoints were assessed in 19041 people aged 35-64 years. The median follow-up was 6.5 years in ESSE RF (1) and 3.8 years in ESSE RF(2). Analysis was performed for three lipid variables: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-HDLC in two samples: the general population sample and the same sample without individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI) and/or stroke history and not taking statins (the population sample of "without a history of cardiovascular diseases [CVD]". The analysis of nonlinear associations was performed using the generalized additive Cox model. The combined cardiovascular endpoint was represented by cardiovascular death and nonfatal MI and stroke. Traditional and laboratory FRs, socio-demographic parameters were analyzed. The significance level for all tested hypotheses was set to be 0.05.Results. The prevalence of elevated non-HDL-C level (>3.7 mmol/l) was found to be 74.6%. No gender differences were found: there was 74.6% for men and 74.5% for women. Both mean values and prevalence of elevated non-HDL-C were increased with age in women, and its level was slightly decreased in men after 55 years old. Almost all analyzed RFs were significantly associated with elevated non-HDL-C in these two population samples. In both samples elevated total CH and elevated LDL-C were associated with all-cause mortality after correction for all RFs. On the contrary, the non-HDL-C was associated with CVD combined end pints. It has been shown that the risk of these end points increases uniformly with increase in levels of non HDL cholesterol, no nonlinear associations were found.Conclusion. The results of a population-based analysis of non-HDL-C performed in the Russian population for the first time confirmed that elevated non-HDL-C levels contribute significantly to determining the risk of cardiovascular events in the medium term. It can be assumed that the new risk scales (SCORE2 and SCORE OP) proposed by the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Preventive Cardiology, which include non-HDL C instead of TC, will allow adequate assessment of 10-year cardiovascular risk for Russians. However, continued monitoring of endpoints in order to obtain stable associations is required