PENGARUH TINGKAT PENGGUNAAN POD KAKAO DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PENAMPILAN ITIK BALI UMUR 2 – 8 MINGGU

RINGKASAN. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tingkat penggunaan pod kakao dalam ransum terhadap penampilan itik Bali jantan umur 2 – 8 minggu, dan dilakukan di Denpasar, Bali. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan enam kali ulangan. Tiap ulangan menggunakan empat ekor itik Bali jantan umur 2 minggu dengan berat badan homogen. Ransum yang diberikan selama periode penelitian (umur 2 – 8 minggu) disusun dengan kandungan protein kasar 16 % dan energi termetabolis 2900 kkal/kg, sebagai ransum kontrol (A), ransum dengan 10 % pod kakao (B), 20 % pod kakao (C), dan ransum dengan 30 % pod kakao (D). Ransum dan air minum selama penelitian diberikan secara ad libitum. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan 10 % pod kakao dalam ransum ternyata tidak berpengaruh (P>0,05) terhadap berat badan akhir, pertambahan berat badan, dan efisiensi penggunaan ransum jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Berat badan akhir, pertambahan berat badan, dan efisiensi pengunaan ransum pada itik perlakuan C dan D menurun secara nyata (P0,05) on final body weight, body weight gains, and feed efficiencies than control. The final body weight, body weight gains, and feed efficiencies of ducks both in treatment C and D decreased significantly different (P<0,05) than control. It was concluded that diets with 20 % and 20 % of cocoa-pod decreased performance of male Bali duck aged 2 - 8 weeks

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens but not ducks is associated with elevated host immune and pro-inflammatory responses

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses cause severe infection in chickens at near complete mortality, but corresponding infection in ducks is typically mild or asymptomatic. To understand the underlying molecular differences in host response, primary chicken and duck lung cells, infected with two HPAI H5N1 viruses and a low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H2N3 virus, were subjected to RNA expression profiling. Chicken cells but not duck cells showed highly elevated immune and pro-inflammatory responses following HPAI virus infection. HPAI H5N1 virus challenge studies in chickens and ducks corroborated the in vitro findings. To try to determine the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) in mediating pro-inflammatory response to HPAIV infection in chicken and duck cells. We found that STAT-3 expression was down-regulated in chickens but was up-regulated or unaffected in ducks in vitro and in vivo following H5N1 virus infection. Low basal STAT-3 expression in chicken cells was completely inhibited by H5N1 virus infection. By contrast, constitutively active STAT-3 detected in duck cells was unaffected by H5N1 virus infection. Transient constitutively-active STAT-3 transfection in chicken cells significantly reduced pro-inflammatory response to H5N1 virus infection; on the other hand, chemical inhibition of STAT-3 activation in duck cells increased pro-inflammatory gene expression following H5N1 virus infection. Collectively, we propose that elevated pro-inflammatory response in chickens is a major pathogenicity factor of HPAI H5N1 virus infection, mediated in part by the inhibition of STAT-3

Cultural drivers and health-seeking behaviours that impact on the transmission of pig-associated zoonoses in Lao People's Democratic Republic

Pig rearing is an important income source in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), with many smallholder farmers using traditional free-range pig production systems. Despite the potentially significant health risks posed by pig production regarding pig-associated zoonoses, information on the sociocultural drivers of these zoonoses is significantly lacking. This review summarises the existing sociocultural knowledge on eight pig-associated zoonoses suspected to be endemic in Southeast Asia: brucellosis, Q fever (Coxiella burnetii), trichinellosis, hepatitis E virus, leptospirosis, Japanese encephalitis, Streptococcus suis and Taenia solium taeniasis-cysticercosis. It summarises current knowledge on these diseases grouped according to their clinical manifestations in humans to highlight the propensity for underreporting. A literature search was conducted across multiple databases for publications from 1990 to the present day related to the eight pig-associated zoonoses and the risk and impact connected with them, with Lao PDR as a case study. Many of these pig-associated zoonoses have similar presentations and are often diagnosed as clinical syndromes. Misdiagnosis and underreporting are, therefore, substantial and emphasise the need for more robust diagnostics and appropriate surveillance systems. While some reports exist in other countries in the region, information is significantly lacking in Lao PDR with existing information coming mainly from the capital, Vientiane. The disease burden imposed by these zoonoses is not only characterised by morbidity and mortality, but directly impacts on livelihoods through income reduction and production losses, and indirectly through treatment costs and lost work opportunities. Other factors crucial to understanding and controlling these diseases are the influence of ethnicity and culture on food-consumption practices, pig rearing and slaughter practices, hygiene and sanitation, health-seeking behaviours and, therefore, risk factors for disease transmission. Published information on the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of people regarding pig zoonoses and their risk factors is also extremely limited in Lao PDR and the broader Southeast Asian region. The need for more transdisciplinary research, using a One Health approach, in order to understand the underlining social determinants of health and their impacts on health-seeking behaviours, disease transmission and, ultimately, disease reporting, cannot be more emphasized

Peran Kepuasan Kerja Memediasi Pengaruh Stres Kerja terhadap Komitmen Organisasional

Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis pengaruh kepuasan kerja terhadap komitmenorganisasional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah 37 karyawan Perusahaan Sun Silver KabupatenGianyar Tahun 2020. Metode sampling jenuh dan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara,kuesioner dan observasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah Uji Validitas, UjiReabilitas, Uji Asumsi Klasik, Analisis Path. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwakepuasan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasional, dan streskerja berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja, selain itu juga stres kerjaberpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasional. Implikasi dalampenelitian ini yaitu memberikan pemahaman bahwa dengan mempertahankan kepuasan kerja,stres kerja di dalam organisasi, sehingga akan meningkatkan komitmen organisasional