Coupling planktonic and benthic shifts during a bloom of Alexandrium catenella in southern Chile:Implications for bloom dynamics and recurrence

Cell abundances and distributions of Alexandrium catenella resting cysts in recent sediments were studied along time at two locations in the Chilean Inland Sea exposed to different oceanographic conditions: Low Bay, which is much more open to the ocean than the more interior and protected Ovalada Island. The bloom began in interior areas but maximum cyst concentrations were recorded in locations more open to the ocean, at the end of the Moraleda channel. Our results showed a time lapse of around 3 months from the bloom peak (planktonic population) until the number of resting cysts in the sediments reached a maximum. Three months later, less than 10% of the A. catenella cysts remained in the sediments. Maximum cyst numbers in the water column occurred one month after the planktonic peak, when no cells were present. The dinoflagellate assemblage at both study sites was dominated by heterotrophic cysts, except during the A. catenella bloom. CCA analyses of species composition and environmental factors indicated that the frequency of A. catenella blooms was associated with low temperatures, but not with salinity, chlorophyll a concentration, and predator presence (measured as clam biomass). However, resting cyst distribution was only related to cell abundance and location. The occurrence of A. catenella cysts was also associated with that of cysts from the toxic species Protoceratium reticulatum. By shedding light on the ecological requirements of A. catenella blooms, our observations support the relevance of encystment as a mechanism of bloom termination and show a very fast depletion of cysts from the sediments (<3 months), which suggest a small role for resting cyst deposits in the recurrence of A. catenella blooms in this area.Postprin

Changes and permanence in the spatial location of tourist images of Uruguay (1954 - 2017): from official promotion to Instagram

La imagen turística ha tendido a construirse a partir de un equilibrio entre imagen emitida e imagen percibida. A lo largo del siglo XX la imagen emitida por gobiernos y empresas era mayoritaria. En cambio, en la última década la imagen percibida por los turistas ha aumentado su difusión, modificando, eventualmente, ese equilibrio. El presente artículo analiza, sobre la base del caso de Uruguay, hasta qué punto la imagen que difunden los turistas en Instagram coincide espacialmente con la imagen turística que se había proyectado durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto como son pocas las zonas que presentan una continuidad temporal. Esta situación muestra como los intereses de empresas e instituciones no siempre coinciden con los del turista.The tourism image has tended to be based on a balance between the transmitted image and the perceived image. Throughout the twentieth century, the image issued by governments and companies was predominant. On the other hand, over the last decade, the diffusion of the image perceived by tourists has increased, resulting in a modification of this balance. Based on the case of Uruguay, this article analyzes the extent to which the image that tourists spread on Instagram spatially coincides with the tourist image projected during the second half of the twentieth century. The results show how few areas show temporal continuity. This implies that the interests of companies and institutions do not always coincide with those of the tourist

Low bone mineral density in middle-aged women: A red flag for sarcopenia

© 2017 by The North American Menopause Society. Objective: This study evaluated whether low bone density, a condition related to aging, is associated with low muscle mass, a surrogate for sarcopenia, and whether it could be used as a marker of the condition. Methods: We studied 483 women aged 35 to 69 years old who appeared healthy and attended a preventive gynecological examination. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and regional body composition. BMD was assessed using the T-score. Low appendicular lean mass (aLM) adjusted by height (aLM index) was defined according to Baumgartner et al (&lt;5.45 kg/m 2). The association of low aLM index with bone mass was evaluated with a binary logistic regression using a cutoff point on the receiver operating characteristic curves for the T-score of -1.5. Results: The participants had a mean age of 54.7 ± 9.1 years, body mass index of 24.6 ± 3.6 kg/m 2, aLM index of 5.9 ± 0.6 kg/m 2 (22.6% showed sarcopen

Association between high levels of gynoid fat and the increase of bone mineral density in women

Introduction: In women, bone mineral density (BMD) is related to age, estrogenic action, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM). The gynoid fat distribution is linked to estrogenic action.Objective: This study aimed to assess whether an increase of gynoid fat is associated with high BMD independent of age and ASMM.Methods: An observational study was performed in women aged between 20 and 79 years. Fat mass, ASMM, and BMD were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The binned scatterplots and multivariate linear regression models were used to study the relationship between hip BMD and age, height, android fat, gynoid fat, and ASMM.Results: Of 673 women invited, 596 accepted to participate. Their mean age was 55.4 ± 12.8 years, weight 63.4 ± 9.4 kg, height 1.61 ± 0.06 m, body mass index 24.54 ± 3.59 kg/m2, average hip BMD 0.914 ± 0.122 g/cm2, android fat 2.12 ± 0.83 kg, gynoid fat 4.54 ± 1.07 kg, and ASMM 15.15 ± 1.97 kg. The final regression model included age (linear coefficient -0.004; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.005 to -0.003; p < 0.001), ASMM (linear coefficient 0.013; 95% CI: 0.009 to 0.018; p < 0.001), and gynoid fat (linear coefficient 0.013; 95% CI: 0.005 to 0.022; p < 0.002).Conclusion: Gynoid fat is associated with BMD in the hip independently of age and ASMM