Chinese translation norms for 1429 English words

We present Chinese translation norms for 1429 English words. Chinese-English bilinguals (N=28) were asked to provide the first Chinese translation that came to mind for 1429 English words. The results revealed that 71% of the English words received more than one correct translation indicating the large amount of translation ambiguity when translating from English to Chinese. The relationship between translation ambiguity and word frequency, concreteness and language proficiency was investigated. Although the significant correlations were not strong, results revealed that English word frequency was positively correlated with the number of alternative translations, whereas English word concreteness was negatively correlated with the number of translations. Importantly, regression analyses showed that the number of Chinese translations was predicted by word frequency and concreteness. Furthermore, an interaction between these predictors revealed that the number of translations was more affected by word frequency for more concrete words than for less concrete words. In addition, mixed-effects modelling showed that word frequency, concreteness and English language proficiency were all significant predictors of whether or not a dominant translation was provided. Finally, correlations between the word frequencies of English words and their Chinese dominant translations were higher for translation-unambiguous pairs than for translation-ambiguous pairs. The translation norms are made available in a database together with lexical information about the words, which will be a useful resource for researchers investigating Chinese-English bilingual language processing

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research

In vitro surfactant and perfluorocarbon aerosol deposition in a neonatal physical model of the upper conducting airways.

OBJECTIVE: Aerosol delivery holds potential to release surfactant or perfluorocarbon (PFC) to the lungs of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome with minimal airway manipulation. Nevertheless, lung deposition in neonates tends to be very low due to extremely low lung volumes, narrow airways and high respiratory rates. In the present study, the feasibility of enhancing lung deposition by intracorporeal delivery of aerosols was investigated using a physical model of neonatal conducting airways. METHODS: The main characteristics of the surfactant and PFC aerosols produced by a nebulization system, including the distal air pressure and air flow rate, liquid flow rate and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), were measured at different driving pressures (4-7 bar). Then, a three-dimensional model of the upper conducting airways of a neonate was manufactured by rapid prototyping and a deposition study was conducted. RESULTS: The nebulization system produced relatively large amounts of aerosol ranging between 0.3±0.0 ml/min for surfactant at a driving pressure of 4 bar, and 2.0±0.1 ml/min for distilled water (H2Od) at 6 bar, with MMADs between 2.61±0.1 µm for PFD at 7 bar and 10.18±0.4 µm for FC-75 at 6 bar. The deposition study showed that for surfactant and H2Od aerosols, the highest percentage of the aerosolized mass (∼65%) was collected beyond the third generation of branching in the airway model. The use of this delivery system in combination with continuous positive airway pressure set at 5 cmH2O only increased total airway pressure by 1.59 cmH2O at the highest driving pressure (7 bar). CONCLUSION: This aerosol generating system has the potential to deliver relatively large amounts of surfactant and PFC beyond the third generation of branching in a neonatal airway model with minimal alteration of pre-set respiratory support

Geometric standard deviation (GSD) for different compounds and driving pressures.

<p>H₂Od: distilled water. PFD: Perfluorodecalin. GSD: geometric standard deviation. P_driv: driving pressure. Values are given as mean ± SD.</p><p>Geometric standard deviation (GSD) for different compounds and driving pressures.</p

Variation of the main parameters in order to predict the impact between the particles and the physical model of the trachea, as a function of the aerosolized compound and the driving pressure.

<p>A, Collision length, L_col. B, Aerosol cone angle, α. H₂Od: distilled water. PFD: perfluorodecalin. P_driv: driving pressure.</p

Experimental set-ups for the deposition study and particle size characterization.

<p>A, Equipment for aerosol production rate (AR) and <i>in vitro</i> deposition measurements (E_PM, E₊₃, E_FP). B, Aerodynamic Particle Sizer for particle size characterization.</p

Deposition results as function of the compound and the driving pressure.

<p>A, Deposition results for H₂Od; B, Surfactant; C, Perfluorodecalin, PFD; D, FC-75. Right vertical axis values on B are the phospholipid quantity (mg) corresponding to each rate on the left axis. E_FP: mass flow rate of fine particles. E₊₃: mass flow rate that exits from the model. E_PM: mass flow rate for the compound deposited within the model. AR: aerosolization rate. Σ: total height of each column. P_driv: driving pressure. Values are given as mean ± SD. * is for AR vs. previous pressure; # is for E_FP vs. previous pressure; $ is for E₊₃ vs. previous pressure; and † is for E_PM vs. previous pressure. <i>p<0.05</i>, One-factor ANOVA.</p

Image resulting from the superposition of 10,000 frames.

<p>α: aerosol angle. L_jet: distance at which the aerosol cone is formed. IC: inhalation catheter.</p

Experimental set-ups.

<p>A, Pneumotachograph equipment for air flow rate measurements. B, Measurement set-up for distal pressure. C, High speed camera equipment for studying the aerosol formation.</p