Long-Term Reward Patterns Contribute to Personal Goals at Work Among Finnish Managers

The research addresses the impact of long-term reward patterns on contents of personal work goals among young Finnish managers (N = 747). Reward patterns were formed on the basis of perceived and objective career rewards (i.e., career stability and promotions) across four measurements (years 2006 –2012). Goals were measured in 2012 and classified into categories of competence, progression, well-being, job change, job security, organization, and financial goals. The factor mixture analysis identified a three-class solution as the best model of reward patterns: High rewards (77%); Increasing rewards (17%); and Reducing rewards (7%). Participants with Reducing rewards reported more progression, well-being, job change and financial goals than participants with High rewards as well as fewer competence and organizational goals than participants with Increasing rewards. Workplace resources can be in a key role in facilitating goals towards building competence and organizational performance

Maintaining a Linked Data Cloud and Data Service for Second World War History

One of the great promises of Linked Data is to provide a shared data infrastructure into which new data can be imported and aligned with, forming a sustainable, ever growing Linked Data Cloud (LDC). This paper studies and evaluates this idea in the context of the WarSampo LDC that provides a data infrastructure for Second World War related ontologies and data in Finland, including several mutually linked graphs, totaling ca 12 million triples. Two data integration case studies are presented, where the original WarSampo LDC and the related semantic portal were first extended by a dataset of hundreds of war cemeteries and thousands of photographs of them, and then by another dataset of over 4450 Finnish prisoners of war. As a conclusion, lessons learned are explicated, based on hands-on experience in maintaining the WarSampo LDC in a production environment.Peer reviewe

The Caucasian corticioid fungi: Level of endemism, similarity, and possible contribution to European fungal diversity

We assess the composition of corticioid fungi in the Caucasus region for the first time. The Caucasian corticioids were compared with those of well-documented areas in the Northern Hemisphere using the Tripartite similarity index and cluster analysis. To investigate the significance of the Caucasus region as a possible contributor to the colonization of wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes in Europe, DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) belonging to the corticioid fungus Peniophorella praetermissa were analysed for comparisons of genetic diversity within and differentiation between geographical regions. Putative species endemism and disjunction of corticioids in the Caucasus region is also discussed. The composition of corticioid fungi in the Caucasus region was found to be distinctly more similar to Europe and North America than to East Asia and India. Similarity tests and molecular Fsts both point to a strong connection between the Caucasus and Europe. The highest molecular diversity in P praetermissa was in the Caucasus and East Asia as compared with other regions studied. The Caucasus and East Asia were significantly differentiated from each other, and unlike Caucasian samples, East Asian sequences were highly divergent from the European ones. This result suggests that the Caucasus might have been a source of colonization for Europe. Endemism is very low, possibly a common feature for wood-inhabiting saprotrophic fungi

New approaches to model and study social networks

We describe and develop three recent novelties in network research which are particularly useful for studying social systems. The first one concerns the discovery of some basic dynamical laws that enable the emergence of the fundamental features observed in social networks, namely the nontrivial clustering properties, the existence of positive degree correlations and the subdivision into communities. To reproduce all these features we describe a simple model of mobile colliding agents, whose collisions define the connections between the agents which are the nodes in the underlying network, and develop some analytical considerations. The second point addresses the particular feature of clustering and its relationship with global network measures, namely with the distribution of the size of cycles in the network. Since in social bipartite networks it is not possible to measure the clustering from standard procedures, we propose an alternative clustering coefficient that can be used to extract an improved normalized cycle distribution in any network. Finally, the third point addresses dynamical processes occurring on networks, namely when studying the propagation of information in them. In particular, we focus on the particular features of gossip propagation which impose some restrictions in the propagation rules. To this end we introduce a quantity, the spread factor, which measures the average maximal fraction of nearest neighbors which get in contact with the gossip, and find the striking result that there is an optimal non-trivial number of friends for which the spread factor is minimized, decreasing the danger of being gossiped.Comment: 16 Pages, 9 figure

TellEat: sharing experiences on the move

In a context where, due to the proliferation of mobile devices, virtual social environments on the Web are taking up a very concrete role in the way people experience their surroundings, the Future Internet seems to be headed toward a mixture of Social Web, Semantic Web and Augmented Reality. As a part of a larger project that aims at building a social network of both people and things, we designed and developed TellEat, an iPhone-based application that allows users in mobility to share facts concerning people or objects that participate in the social network, and to discover pertinent events that have been told by others. In this paper we discuss both the client application, with the interaction model and interface metaphors that have been designed to make the experience as playful as possible for users, and the server-side services that provide the necessary knowledge and reasoning mechanisms. We also present the results of preliminary tests with users

The International Trade Network: weighted network analysis and modelling

Tools of the theory of critical phenomena, namely the scaling analysis and universality, are argued to be applicable to large complex web-like network structures. Using a detailed analysis of the real data of the International Trade Network we argue that the scaled link weight distribution has an approximate log-normal distribution which remains robust over a period of 53 years. Another universal feature is observed in the power-law growth of the trade strength with gross domestic product, the exponent being similar for all countries. Using the 'rich-club' coefficient measure of the weighted networks it has been shown that the size of the rich-club controlling half of the world's trade is actually shrinking. While the gravity law is known to describe well the social interactions in the static networks of population migration, international trade, etc, here for the first time we studied a non-conservative dynamical model based on the gravity law which excellently reproduced many empirical features of the ITN.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Analysis of a large-scale weighted network of one-to-one human communication

We construct a connected network of 3.9 million nodes from mobile phone call records, which can be regarded as a proxy for the underlying human communication network at the societal level. We assign two weights on each edge to reflect the strength of social interaction, which are the aggregate call duration and the cumulative number of calls placed between the individuals over a period of 18 weeks. We present a detailed analysis of this weighted network by examining its degree, strength, and weight distributions, as well as its topological assortativity and weighted assortativity, clustering and weighted clustering, together with correlations between these quantities. We give an account of motif intensity and coherence distributions and compare them to a randomized reference system. We also use the concept of link overlap to measure the number of common neighbors any two adjacent nodes have, which serves as a useful local measure for identifying the interconnectedness of communities. We report a positive correlation between the overlap and weight of a link, thus providing strong quantitative evidence for the weak ties hypothesis, a central concept in social network analysis. The percolation properties of the network are found to depend on the type and order of removed links, and they can help understand how the local structure of the network manifests itself at the global level. We hope that our results will contribute to modeling weighted large-scale social networks, and believe that the systematic approach followed here can be adopted to study other weighted networks.Comment: 25 pages, 17 figures, 2 table

The ecology of methane in streams and rivers: patterns, controls, and global significance

Streams and rivers can substantially modify organic carbon (OC) inputs from terrestrial landscapes, and much of this processing is the result of microbial respiration. While carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the major end‐product of ecosystem respiration, methane (CH₄) is also present in many fluvial environments even though methanogenesis typically requires anoxic conditions that may be scarce in these systems. Given recent recognition of the pervasiveness of this greenhouse gas in streams and rivers, we synthesized existing research and data to identify patterns and drivers of CH₄, knowledge gaps, and research opportunities. This included examining the history of lotic CH4 research, creating a database of concentrations and fluxes (MethDB) to generate a global‐scale estimate of fluvial CH₄ efflux, and developing a conceptual framework and using this framework to consider how human activities may modify fluvial CH₄ dynamics. Current understanding of CH₄ in streams and rivers has been strongly influenced by goals of understanding OC processing and quantifying the contribution of CH₄ to ecosystem C fluxes. Less effort has been directed towards investigating processes that dictate in situ CH₄ production and loss. CH₄ makes a meager contribution to watershed or landscape C budgets, but streams and rivers are often significant CH₄ sources to the atmosphere across these same spatial extents. Most fluvial systems are supersaturated with CH₄ and we estimate an annual global emission of 26.8 Tg CH₄, equivalent to ~15‐40% of wetland and lake effluxes, respectively. Less clear is the role of CH₄ oxidation, methanogenesis, and total anaerobic respiration to whole ecosystem production and respiration. Controls on CH₄ generation and persistence can be viewed in terms of proximate controls that influence methanogenesis (organic matter, temperature, alternative electron acceptors, nutrients) and distal geomorphic and hydrologic drivers. Multiple controls combined with its extreme redox status and low solubility result in high spatial and temporal variance of CH₄ in fluvial environments, which presents a substantial challenge for understanding its larger‐scale dynamics. Further understanding of CH₄ production and consumption, anaerobic metabolism, and ecosystem energetics in streams and rivers can be achieved through more directed studies and comparison with knowledge from terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic disciplines."Support for this paper was provided by funding from the North Temperate Lakes LTER program, NSF DEB‐0822700."https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/15-102

Exploring the phylogeny of the marattialean ferns

The eusporangiate marattialean ferns represent an ancient radiation with a rich fossil record but limited modern diversity in the tropics. The long evolutionary history without close extant relatives has confounded studies of the phylogenetic origin, rooting and timing of marattialean ferns. Here we present new complete plastid genomes of six marattialean species and compiled a plastid genome dataset representing all of the currently accepted marattialean genera. We further supplemented this dataset by compiling a large dataset of mitochondrial genes and a phenotypic data matrix covering both extant and extinct representatives of the lineage. Our phylogenomic and total-evidence analyses corroborated the postulated position of marattialean ferns as the sister to leptosporangiate ferns, and the position of Danaea as the sister to the remaining extant marattialean genera. However, our results provide new evidence that Christensenia is sister to Marattia and that M. cicutifolia actually belongs to Eupodium. The apparently highly reduced rate of molecular evolution in marattialean ferns provides a challenge for dating the key phylogenetic events with molecular clock approaches. We instead applied a parsimony-based total-evidence dating approach, which suggested a Triassic age for the extant crown group. The modern distribution can best be explained as mainly resulting from vicariance following the breakup of Pangaea and Gondwana. We resolved the fossil genera Marattiopsis, Danaeopsis and Qasimia as members of the monophyletic family Marattiaceae, and the Carboniferous genera Sydneia and Radstockia as the monophyletic sister of all other marattialean ferns

A Deep HST H-Band Imaging Survey of Massive Gas-Rich Mergers. II. The QUEST PG QSOs

We report the results from a deep HST NICMOS H-band imaging survey of 28 z < 0.3 QSOs from the Palomar-Green (PG) sample. This program is part of QUEST (Quasar / ULIRG Evolution STudy) and complements a similar set of data on 26 highly-nucleated ULIRGs presented in Paper I. Our analysis indicates that the fraction of QSOs with elliptical hosts is higher among QSOs with undetected far-infrared (FIR) emission, small infrared excess, and luminous hosts. The hosts of FIR-faint QSOs show a tendency to have less pronounced merger-induced morphological anomalies and larger QSO-to-host luminosity ratios on average than the hosts of FIR-bright QSOs, consistent with late-merger evolution from FIR-bright to FIR-faint QSOs. The spheroid sizes and total host luminosities of the radio-quiet PG QSOs in our sample are statistically indistinguishable from the ULIRG hosts presented in Paper I, while those of radio-loud PG QSOs are systematically larger and more luminous. ULIRGs and PG QSOs with elliptical hosts fall near, but not exactly on, the fundamental plane of inactive spheroids. We confirm the systematic trend noted in Paper I for objects with small (< 2 kpc) spheroids to be up to ~1 mag. brighter than inactive spheroids. The host colors and wavelength dependence of their sizes support the idea that these deviations are due at least in part to non-nuclear star formation. However, the amplitudes of these deviations does not depend on host R-H colors. Taken at face value (i.e., no correction for extinction or the presence of a young stellar population), the H-band spheroid-host luminosities imply BH masses ~5 -- 200 x 10^7 M_sun and sub-Eddington mass accretion rates for both QSOs and ULIRGs. These results are compared with published BH mass estimates derived from other methods. (abridged)Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 701, August 20 issue. Paper with high-resolution figures can be downloaded at http://www.astro.umd.edu/~veilleux/pubs/nicmos2.pd