Análise do conteúdo de história da ciência de um material impresso de um curso de formação de professores de física na modalidade à distância

O foco desse trabalho será a análise do conteúdo de história da ciência presentes num material didático impresso usado em um curso superior de licenciatura em física a distância no Brasil. O trabalho se justifica porque 94% das instituições brasileiras de graduação e pós-graduação utilizamalgum tipo de material didático impresso em seus cursos à distância. No que se refere ao ensino de história da ciência na licenciatura em física à distância, a pesquisa é saliente porque essa disciplina é a porta de entrada para entendimento dos conflitos internos e externos que contribuíram para a afirmação ou negação das teorias científicas, transcendendo assim o ensino das ciências transmitido apenas através de fórmulas matemáticas

Análise do conteúdo de história da ciência de um material impresso de um curso de formação de professores de física na modalidade à distância

O foco desse trabalho será a análise do conteúdo de história da ciência presentes num material didático impresso usado em um curso superior de licenciatura em física a distância no Brasil. O trabalho se justifica porque 94% das instituições brasileiras de graduação e pós-graduação utilizamalgum tipo de material didático impresso em seus cursos à distância. No que se refere ao ensino de história da ciência na licenciatura em física à distância, a pesquisa é saliente porque essa disciplina é a porta de entrada para entendimento dos conflitos internos e externos que contribuíram para a afirmação ou negação das teorias científicas, transcendendo assim o ensino das ciências transmitido apenas através de fórmulas matemáticas

Outcome of HIV-exposed uninfected children undergoing surgery

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>HIV-exposed uninfected (HIVe) children are a rapidly growing population that may be at an increased risk of illness compared to HIV-unexposed children (HIVn). The aim of this study was to investigate the morbidity and mortality of HIVe compared to both HIVn and HIV-infected (HIVi) children after a general surgical procedure.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A prospective study of children less than 60 months of age undergoing general surgery at a paediatric referral hospital from July 2004 to July 2008 inclusive. Children underwent age-definitive HIV testing and were followed up post operatively for the development of complications, length of stay and mortality.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Three hundred and eighty children were enrolled; 4 died and 11 were lost to follow up prior to HIV testing, thus 365 children were included. Of these, 38(10.4%) were HIVe, 245(67.1%) were HIVn and 82(22.5%) were HIVi children.</p> <p>The overall mortality was low, with 2(5.2%) deaths in the HIVe group, 0 in the HIVn group and 6(7.3%) in the HIVi group (p = 0.0003). HIVe had a longer stay than HIVn children (3 (2-7) vs. 2 (1-4) days p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in length of stay between the HIVe and HIVi groups. HIVe children had a higher rate of complications compared to HIVn children, (9 (23.7%) vs. 14(5.7%) (RR 3.8(2.1-7) p < 0.0001) but a similar rate of complications compared to HIVi children 34 (41.5%) (RR = 0.6 (0.3-1.1) p = 0.06).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>HIVe children have a higher risk of developing complications and mortality after surgery compared to HIVn children. However, the risk of complications is lower than that of HIVi children.</p

The impact of maternal HIV infection on cord blood lymphocyte subsets and cytokine profile in exposed non-infected newborns

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Children born to HIV+ mothers are exposed intra-utero to several drugs and cytokines that can modify the developing immune system, and influence the newborn's immune response to infections and vaccines. We analyzed the relation between the distribution of cord blood lymphocyte subsets and cytokine profile in term newborns of HIV+ mothers using HAART during pregnancy and compared them to normal newborns.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In a prospective, controlled study, 36 mother-child pairs from HIV+ mothers and 15 HIV-uninfected mothers were studied. Hematological features and cytokine profiles of mothers at 35 weeks of pregnancy were examined. Maternal and cord lymphocyte subsets as well as B-cell maturation in cord blood were analyzed by flow cytometry. The non-stimulated, as well as BCG- and PHA-stimulated production of IL2, IL4, IL7, IL10, IL12, IFN-γ and TNF-alpha in mononuclear cell cultures from mothers and infants were quantified using ELISA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After one year follow-up none of the exposed infants became seropositive for HIV. An increase in B lymphocytes, especially the CD19/CD5+ ones, was observed in cord blood of HIV-exposed newborns. Children of HIV+ hard drug using mothers had also an increase of immature B-cells. Cord blood mononuclear cells of HIV-exposed newborns produced less IL-4 and IL-7 and more IL-10 and IFN-γ in culture than those of uninfected mothers. Cytokine values in supernatants were similar in infants and their mothers except for IFN-γ and TNF-alpha that were higher in HIV+ mothers, especially in drug abusing ones. Cord blood CD19/CD5+ lymphocytes showed a positive correlation with cord IL-7 and IL-10. A higher maternal age and smoking was associated with a decrease of cord blood CD4+ cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>in uninfected infants born to HIV+ women, several immunological abnormalities were found, related to the residual maternal immune changes induced by the HIV infection and those associated with antiretroviral treatment. Maternal smoking was associated to changes in cord CD3/CD4 lymphocytes and maternal hard drug abuse was associated with more pronounced changes in the cord B cell line.</p

Effect of Maternal HIV-1 Status and Antiretroviral Drugs on Haematological Profiles of South African Infants in Early Life

Maternal HIV-1 status and antiretroviral drug exposure may influence the haematological profiles of infants. We recruited infants from 118 uninfected control women and from 483 HIV-1 infected women who received no antiretroviral drugs (n=28), or received single-dose Nevirapine (sdNVP) (n=424) or triple-drug combination therapy (n=31) to reduce HIV-1 transmission. Blood was drawn from infants within 24 hours of delivery or 6-12 weeks post-delivery and full blood counts performed using a fully automated AcT-5-diff haematology analyser and reference controls. Exposed uninfected (EU; no NVP) differed from control infants only in having lower basophil counts and percentages. In all infant groups, leukocyte profiles showed characteristic quantitative changes with age in the first 6 weeks of life. HIV-1 infected infants displayed by 6 weeks elevations in white blood cells, lymphocyte, monocyte and basophil counts, and monocyte and basophil percentages, when compared to EU infants. At birth EU NVP-treated infants exhibited elevated monocyte percentages and counts and basophil counts that did not persist at 6 weeks. Interestingly, EU newborns of mothers with high CD4 counts (> 500 cells/μl) that had taken sdNVP had significantly elevated white blood cell, monocyte and basophil counts when compared to newborn infants of mothers with similar CD4 counts that had not taken sdNVP; this was not evident in infants of mothers with CD4 counts <200 cells/μl. These previously undescribed features may affect immune response capability in early life and clinical consequences of such changes need to be further investigated

Implicações didáticas de história da ciência no ensino de Física: uma revisão de literatura através da análise textual discursiva

This work presents a literature review of the educational implications of the history of science in the teaching of Physics in the period 2010 to 2014. The technique used to analyze the data was the discursive textual analysis with the categories defined a priori. These categories include different teaching strategies for the teaching of history of science in Physics classes such as the use of primary or original sources, historical case studies, science through drama activities, historical experiments, biographies and /or autobiographies of scientists and the content analysis of the history of science present in textbooks. The result showed that 36 articles of 1659 available in journals use these teaching strategies. The results of the interpretative step consisted in the production of six metatexts in which two learning objectives were identified: the first one is related to physical concepts and the second one in aspects related to understanding the Nature of Science. The evaluation tools used by the authors to assess the students’ knowledge were identified in our corpus too.Este trabalho mostra uma revisão de literatura sobre as implicações didáticas de história da ciência no ensino de física no período compreendido entre 2010 a 2014. A técnica utilizada para analisar os dados foi a análise textual discursiva (ATD) com as categorias definidas a priori. Essas categorias contemplam distintas estratégias didáticas para o ensino de história da ciência em aulas de física tais como: o uso das fontes primárias ou originais, dos estudos de caso histórico, das atividades de dramatização, dos experimentos históricos, das biografias e/ou autobiografias dos cientistas e, da análise de conteúdos de história da ciência presentes nos livros didáticos. O resultado mostrou que 36 artigos, dos 1659 disponibilizados nos periódicos consultados, utilizam essas estratégias de ensino. A etapa interpretativa dos resultados consistiu na produção de seis metatextos onde foram identificados dois objetivos de aprendizagem: o primeiro relacionado aos conceitos físicos e o segundo em aspectos relacionados ao entendimento da natureza da ciência. Identificamos também, no nosso corpus, os instrumentos de avaliação utilizados pelos autores para mensurar o conhecimento dos alunos

Análise do conteúdo de história da ciência de um material impresso de um curso de formação de professores de física na modalidade à distância

O foco desse trabalho será a análise do conteúdo de história da ciência presentes num material didático impresso usado em um curso superior de licenciatura em física a distância no Brasil. O trabalho se justifica porque 94% das instituições brasileiras de graduação e pós-graduação utilizamalgum tipo de material didático impresso em seus cursos à distância. No que se refere ao ensino de história da ciência na licenciatura em física à distância, a pesquisa é saliente porque essa disciplina é a porta de entrada para entendimento dos conflitos internos e externos que contribuíram para a afirmação ou negação das teorias científicas, transcendendo assim o ensino das ciências transmitido apenas através de fórmulas matemáticas