Neural correlates linking trauma and physical symptoms

Highlights •Trauma patients showed greater physical health symptoms and decreased prefrontal but increased hippocampal responses to stress than controls.•More frequent physical symptoms were associated with an increased left hippocampal response to stress.•Trauma may increase physical health symptoms by compromising hippocampal function, which could also increase vulnerability to comorbid stress- and pain-related disorders.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Bezold-Jarisch Reflex Induced by Dopamine during Isoflurane Anesthesia in Small Dogs

Background: Unlike other major reflexes contributing to hemodynamic homeostasis, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR) paradoxically decreases heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) despite hypotension. In the veterinary field, there are few reported cases of BJR induced by dopamine, which is often used to manage hypotension. Herein, 2 cases involving small dogs exhibiting BJR due to dopamine infusion during general anesthesia are described.Cases: Case 1: A 7-year-old, 7 kg, mongrel was referred for external skeletal fixator removal. The patient was premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was induced with 6 mg/kg propofol and maintained with 1.6% isoflurane in oxygen. The patient was given 5 mL/kg/h of Hartmann’s solution IV. The respiratory rate (RR) was set to 9 breaths/min with a ventilator. The HR and MAP values were initially 120 bpm and 76 mmHg and gradually decreased to 70 bpm and 40 mmHg, respectively. The end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2) was 39 mmHg, and the patient was administered 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate IV. Then, 5 μg/kg/min dopamine was administered IV since the MAP did not improve. The HR, MAP, and ETCO2 increased to 113 bpm, 72 mmHg, and 47 mmHg, respectively. Subsequently, HR and MAP dramatically decreased to 50 bpm and 43 mmHg, respectively. A second-degree atrioventricular block was detected, prompting dopamine infusion discontinuation, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was again administered IV. Within 5 min, HR and MAP values normalized, and postoperative patient recovery was typical. Case 2: A 2-year-old, 8.6 kg, mongrel underwent surgery to correct a medial luxating patella of the right leg. The patient was premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol IV. Anesthesia was induced with 4 mg/kg propofol IV and maintained with 3% isoflurane in oxygen; 10 mL/kg/h of Hartmann’s solution was administered IV. Within 15 min, the patient’s HR and MAP values decreased from 120 to 107 bpm and 73 to 50 mmHg, respectively. The ETCO2remained approximately 39 mmHg, and RR decreased from 20 to 17 breaths/min. Dopamine was infused at a rate of 5 µg/kg/min. After 10 min, the MAP slightly increased from 50 to 57 mmHg, but the HR dramatically decreased from 107 to 62 bpm and the RR also dropped to 12 breaths/min. Further, a second-degree atrioventricular block was observed. Dopamine infusion was immediately discontinued, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was injected IV. As the HR returned to 94 bpm, the atrioventricular block disappeared, and the RR increased to 15 breaths/min. After general anesthesia was terminated, the patient recovered well.Discussion: Among drugs used for anesthesia, propofol and isoflurane may lower the MAP and HR. Therefore, HR or MAP decreases at the beginning of anesthesia are likely due to the drugs. Considering half-life, it is unlikely that propofol provoked sudden HR or MAP decreases at about 25 min post-induction. Isoflurane may also be ruled out since the hemodynamic disorder depended on dopamine injection. Sudden decreases in the HR, MAP, or RR after dopamine injection are not generally expected dopaminergic or adrenergic responses, which likely occur due to the vagal cardiopulmonary reflex suggesting the BJR resulting from activation of cardiac mechano- or chemoreceptors. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of dopamine-mediated BJR in young or middle-aged, small dogs. The BJR has been observed in older, larger dogs and humans. In the patients described, body condition score may be considered when estimating the cause of the BJR. Since they scored 8/9, it is possible that obesity increased the risk of the BJR. This report described the clinical features and treatment outcomes in young or middle-aged, obese, small-sized dogs, whose hypotension or bradycardia was exacerbated by dopamine.Keywords: Bezold-Jarisch reflex, dopamine, hypotension, bradycardia, canine.

Bezold-Jarisch Reflex Induced by Dopamine during Isoflurane Anesthesia in Small Dogs

Background: Unlike other major reflexes contributing to hemodynamic homeostasis, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR) paradoxically decreases heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) despite hypotension. In the veterinary field, there are few reported cases of BJR induced by dopamine, which is often used to manage hypotension. Herein, 2 cases involving small dogs exhibiting BJR due to dopamine infusion during general anesthesia are described.Cases: Case 1: A 7-year-old, 7 kg, mongrel was referred for external skeletal fixator removal. The patient was premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was induced with 6 mg/kg propofol and maintained with 1.6% isoflurane in oxygen. The patient was given 5 mL/kg/h of Hartmann’s solution IV. The respiratory rate (RR) was set to 9 breaths/min with a ventilator. The HR and MAP values were initially 120 bpm and 76 mmHg and gradually decreased to 70 bpm and 40 mmHg, respectively. The end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2) was 39 mmHg, and the patient was administered 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate IV. Then, 5 μg/kg/min dopamine was administered IV since the MAP did not improve. The HR, MAP, and ETCO2 increased to 113 bpm, 72 mmHg, and 47 mmHg, respectively. Subsequently, HR and MAP dramatically decreased to 50 bpm and 43 mmHg, respectively. A second-degree atrioventricular block was detected, prompting dopamine infusion discontinuation, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was again administered IV. Within 5 min, HR and MAP values normalized, and postoperative patient recovery was typical. Case 2: A 2-year-old, 8.6 kg, mongrel underwent surgery to correct a medial luxating patella of the right leg. The patient was premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol IV. Anesthesia was induced with 4 mg/kg propofol IV and maintained with 3% isoflurane in oxygen; 10 mL/kg/h of Hartmann’s solution was administered IV. Within 15 min, the patient’s HR and MAP values decreased from 120 to 107 bpm and 73 to 50 mmHg, respectively. The ETCO2remained approximately 39 mmHg, and RR decreased from 20 to 17 breaths/min. Dopamine was infused at a rate of 5 µg/kg/min. After 10 min, the MAP slightly increased from 50 to 57 mmHg, but the HR dramatically decreased from 107 to 62 bpm and the RR also dropped to 12 breaths/min. Further, a second-degree atrioventricular block was observed. Dopamine infusion was immediately discontinued, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was injected IV. As the HR returned to 94 bpm, the atrioventricular block disappeared, and the RR increased to 15 breaths/min. After general anesthesia was terminated, the patient recovered well.Discussion: Among drugs used for anesthesia, propofol and isoflurane may lower the MAP and HR. Therefore, HR or MAP decreases at the beginning of anesthesia are likely due to the drugs. Considering half-life, it is unlikely that propofol provoked sudden HR or MAP decreases at about 25 min post-induction. Isoflurane may also be ruled out since the hemodynamic disorder depended on dopamine injection. Sudden decreases in the HR, MAP, or RR after dopamine injection are not generally expected dopaminergic or adrenergic responses, which likely occur due to the vagal cardiopulmonary reflex suggesting the BJR resulting from activation of cardiac mechano- or chemoreceptors. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of dopamine-mediated BJR in young or middle-aged, small dogs. The BJR has been observed in older, larger dogs and humans. In the patients described, body condition score may be considered when estimating the cause of the BJR. Since they scored 8/9, it is possible that obesity increased the risk of the BJR. This report described the clinical features and treatment outcomes in young or middle-aged, obese, small-sized dogs, whose hypotension or bradycardia was exacerbated by dopamine.Keywords: Bezold-Jarisch reflex, dopamine, hypotension, bradycardia, canine.

Cation−π Interactions Contribute to Hydrophobic Humic Acid Removal for the Control of Hydraulically Irreversible Membrane Fouling

Hydraulically irreversible membrane fouling is a major problem encountered during membrane-based water purification. Membrane foulants present large hydrophobic fractions, with humic acid (HA) being a prevalent example of hydrophobic natural organic matter. Furthermore, HA contains numerous aromatic rings (π electrons), and its hydrophobic interactions are a major cause of irreversible membrane fouling. To address this issue, in this study, we used the cation−π interaction, which is a strong noncovalent, competitive interaction present in water. Because the strength of cation−π interactions depends on the combination of cations and π molecules, utilizing the appropriate cations will effectively remove irreversible fouling caused by hydrophobic HA. We performed macroscale experiments to determine the cleaning potential of the test cations, nanomechanically analyzed the changes in HA cohesion caused by the test cations using a surface force apparatus and an atomic force microscope, and used molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the HA removal mechanism of test studied cations. We found that the addition of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, an imidazolium cation with an aromatic moiety, effectively removed the HA layer by weakening its cohesion, and the size, hydrophobicity, and polarity of the HA layer synergistically affected the HA removal mechanism based on the cation−π interactions.11Nsciescopu

Amorphous iron fluorosulfate as a high-capacity cathode utilizing combined intercalation and conversion reactions with unexpectedly high reversibility

To achieve the desirable dual characteristics of high-capacity performance and low-cost production for the batteries of tomorrow, leveraging of multi-redox reactions of Earth-abundant transition metals in electrodes is fundamentally important. Here we identify an amorphous iron fluorosulfate electrode, a-LiFeSO4F, that can exploit both the intercalation and conversion reactions with a stable reversibility. The a-LiFeSO4F electrode delivers a capacity of 360 mAh g(-1) with similar to 98.6% capacity retention after 200 cycles even at an elevated temperature (60 degrees C). In contrast to the conventional intercalation/conversion-type electrodes, the reversible cycle stability is attributed to the inherent amorphous structure of a-LiFeSO4F, whose structural integrity is not severely disturbed even after the conversion reaction, allowing its continuation as an intercalation host. We believe that this cycle stability of the intercalation/conversion reaction can be generally extended to various amorphous intercalation materials, offering new insights into the design of high-capacity electrodes through the exploitation of multi-mechanistic lithiation processes

High-Crystalline Regioregular Polymer Semiconductor by Thermal Treatment for Thickness Tolerance Organic Photovoltaics

To successfully develop a regioregular polymer, poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-hexyldecyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b ']dithiophene][5,5 '-bis(7-(4-(2-butyloctyl)thiophen-2-yl)-6-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-yl)-2,2 '-bithiophene] (PDBD-FBT), a symmetric monomer synthesized in high yield by tin homo-coupling reactions. PDBD-FBT is suitable as a donor material in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) because it shows high crystallinity and strong face-on packing properties. These properties were amplified by thermal annealing (TA). This causes a power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhancement in PDBD-FBT-based OPVs. Using PDBD-FBT as a polymer donor and 2,2 '-((2Z,2 ' Z)-((12,13-bis(2-heptylundecyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2 '',3 '':4 ',5 ']thieno[2 ',3 ':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2 ',3 ':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile (Y6-HU) as an electron acceptor, a PCE of 7.91% was achieved without any additive and TA at optimized active layer film thickness of approximately 100 nm. After TA, a PCE of 12.53% was achieved with a 58% increase compared with the reference devices. Owing to the strong crystallinities, trap-assisted recombination occurs by excessively formed grain boundaries; however, efficient exciton dissociation sufficiently covers these drawbacks. Even in the approximately 340 nm-thick film condition, this tendency is more pronounced (73% PCE enhancement is observed from 6.17% to 10.69% of PCE in the without and with TA devices, respectively). Our study demonstrates that it is possible to manufacture thickness-insensitive OPVs based on regioregular polymers with strong crystallinity and face-on characteristics, thereby providing a solution to the thickness variation of large-area organic solar cell modules

Tuning of the Stretchability and Charge Transport of Bis‐Diketopyrrolopyrrole and Carbazole‐Based Thermoplastic Soft Semiconductors by Modulating Soft Segment Contents

Polymer semiconductors are promising materials for stretchable, wearable, and implantable devices due to their intrinsic flexibility, facile functionalization, and solution processability at low temperatures. However, the crystalline domain of the conjugated structure for high charge carrier mobility in semiconducting polymers exhibits lower stretchability than that of the semi-crystalline or amorphous domains. Herein, a set of thermoplastic soft semiconductors is synthesized with different ratios of diketopyrrolopyrrole-carbazole-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP-Cz-DPP)-based hard segments and thiophene-based aliphatic soft segments, having the similar structure of thermoplastic elastomers. The polymers exhibit decreased glassy temperatures with the increased content of the soft segments. The polymers show high crystallinity after copolymerization with a large-sized DPP-Cz-DPP core and non-conjugated segments due to an aggregation property of the conjugated core, still possessing a semi-crystalline domain after annealing. The polymer films exhibit stretchability under strains of up to 60%. Organic field-effect transistors fabricated using stretchable polymers show a mobility range of 0.125-0.005 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) with different proportions of the soft segment. The stretchability is improved significantly and the mobilities are decreased less when the content of the soft segment is increased. Therefore, this study presents a design principle for the development of a high-performance stretchable semiconducting polymer.11Nsciescopu

Adhesion Improvement of Solvent-Free Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives by Semi-IPN Using Polyurethanes and Acrylic Polymers

To improve the peel strength and holding time of polypropylene glycol (PPG)-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs), a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) was prepared using acrylic polymers. In addition, to prevent air pollution due to volatile organic compound emissions and avoid the degradation of physical properties due to a residual solvent, the PPG-based semi-IPN PSAs were fabricated by an eco-friendly solvent-free method using an acrylic monomer instead of an organic solvent. PPG-based semi-IPN PSAs with different hard segment contents (2.9–17.2%) were synthesized; their holding time was found to depend on the hard segment contents. The peel strength was improved because of the formation of the semi-IPN structure. Moreover, the high degree of hard domain formation in the semi-IPN PSA, derived from the increase in the hard segment content using a chain extender, resulted in a holding time improvement. We believe that the as-prepared PSAs can be used in various applications that require high creep resistance

Tailoring the density of carbon nanotube networks through chemical self-assembly by click reaction for reliable transistors

Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (sc-SWNTs) are attracting considerable interest for use as active layers in various electronic applications such as field-effect transistors (FETs) because of their extremely high intrinsic charge carrier mobility and solution processability at low costs. However, it is challenging to achieve a constant sc-SWNT density for ensuring commercial-level, uniform performance in FETs based on random -network SWNT films formed by solution processing. This paper reports a facile method for sorting sc-SWNT and precisely controlling the density of random-network sc-SWNT films by azide-functionalized polymer. The chemical self-assembly of SWNTs is performed between azide-functionalized polymer-wrapped sc-SWNTs and alkyne-based substrate via click reaction. A high-purity sc-SWNT ink is obtained by the conjugated polymer wrapping method using an azide-functionalized polyfluorene in methylcyclohexane. The sc-SWNTs are then chemically bound to a substrate with an alkyne adhesive layer through a Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddi-tion reaction. FETs with dense and uniform SWNT films with a linear density of 30 (+/- 2) tubes mu m- 1 exhibit markedly high hole mobility of up to 25.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 and excellent performance uniformity. Furthermore, the SWNT films anchored on the substrates are highly resistant to exogenous disruptions, such as sonication in organic solvents, leading the great potential for applications such as biosensors that require strong adhesive strength

Large-Area Printed Oxide Film Sensors Enabling Ultrasensitive and Dual Electrical/Colorimetric Detection of Hydrogen at Room Temperature

Commercialhydrogen (H-2) sensors operate at high temperatures,which increases power consumption and poses a safety risk owing tothe flammable nature of H-2. Here, a polymer-noblemetal-metal oxide film is fabricated using the spin-coatingand printing methods to realize a highly sensitive, low-voltage operation,wide-operating-concentration, and near-monoselective H-2 sensor at room temperature. The H-2 sensors with an optimizedthickness of Pd nanoparticles and SnO2 showed an extremelyhigh response of 16,623 with a response time of 6 s and a recoverytime of 5 s at room temperature and 2% H-2. At the sametime, printed flexible sensors demonstrate excellent sensitivity,with a response of 2300 at 2% H-2. The excellent sensingperformance at room temperature is due to the optimal SnO2 thickness, corresponding to the Debye length and the oxygen andH(2) spillover caused by the optimized coverage of the Pdcatalyst. Furthermore, multistructures of WO3 and SnO2 films are used to fabricate a new type of dual-signal sensor,which demonstrated simultaneous conductance and transmittance, i.e.,color change. This work provides an effective strategy to developrobust, flexible, transparent, and long-lasting H-2 sensorsthrough large-area printing processes based on polymer-metal-metaloxide nanostructures