The History of the Internet in Thailand

Thailand was an early participant in bringing the Internet to Asia, and it has a fascinating, but little-known, networking history. The grassroots efforts by a few dedicated and visionary university professors have resulted in a fully functional national network, despite the limited infrastructure and numerous technical obstacles of the early days. In fact, networking in Thailand began when virtually nothing existed in the country to establish a viable computer network. Telephone density was low, technical knowledge was scarce, and computers were expensive. However, some Thai engineers managed to create the academic network with a small budget and some technical assistance from Australia. Beginning with a UUCP connection and X.25 in 1987, the Thai academic network gradually transitioned to full TCP/IP in 1992. Boosted by the strong economic growth of the early ’90s, collaboration occurred with the private sector and was augmented by international financial support. The use of the Internet in Thailand is now highly valued, especially by the younger generation. Currently, the Internet is not only a significant tool for information sharing among academics and students, but also an alternative media and a new business opportunity for Thais. The state of academic networking in Thailand has grown significantly, reaching almost every university and research institution in the country. Many Thai schools and universities are using the Internet and its applications in their curricula. The government is planning to invest more in Information Technology (IT) and human resources by improving the telecommunications infrastructure and providing more education. As of this writing, Thailand has 16 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) operating nationwide with a combined leased line capacity above 30Mbps.National Science Foundation under Grant No. NCR-961657

Cultivating Global Cyberinfrastructure for Sharing Digital Resources

To flourish, research and education enterprises need enabling network infrastructure, well-trained local support, ready access to new technologies, and the ability to both generate and disseminate digital content. The improved communications resulting from these efforts enhance collaboration between researchers and educators on both ends of the connectivity spectrum. Promoting an advanced knowledge infrastructure in an IT-enabled world, with a focus on sharing information resources globally via the Internet, fosters new mechanisms for opening up innovations and research to the entire academic community.This material is based on work supported by the NSF under Grant No. 0726077. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation

The History of the Internet in Thailand (Thai)

Thailand was an early participant in bringing the Internet to Asia, and it has a fascinating, but little-known, networking history. The grassroots efforts by a few dedicated and visionary university professors have resulted in a fully functional national network, despite the limited infrastructure and numerous technical obstacles of the early days. In fact, networking in Thailand began when virtually nothing existed in the country to establish a viable computer network. Telephone density was low, technical knowledge was scarce, and computers were expensive. However, some Thai engineers managed to create the academic network with a small budget and some technical assistance from Australia. Beginning with a UUCP connection and X.25 in 1987, the Thai academic network gradually transitioned to full TCP/IP in 1992. Boosted by the strong economic growth of the early ’90s, collaboration occurred with the private sector and was augmented by international financial support. The use of the Internet in Thailand is now highly valued, especially by the younger generation. Currently, the Internet is not only a significant tool for information sharing among academics and students, but also an alternative media and a new business opportunity for Thais. The state of academic networking in Thailand has grown significantly, reaching almost every university and research institution in the country. Many Thai schools and universities are using the Internet and its applications in their curricula. The government is planning to invest more in Information Technology (IT) and human resources by improving the telecommunications infrastructure and providing more education. As of this writing, Thailand has 16 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) operating nationwide with a combined leased line capacity above 30Mbps.National Science Foundation under Grant No. NCR-96165

A History of the Internet in Senegal (1989-2004)

National Science Foundation under Grant No. NCR-961657

Historique de L'Internet au Sénégal (1989-2004)

National Science Foundation under Grant No. NCR-961657

Depletion of endogenous tumor-associated regulatory T cells improves the efficacy of adoptive cytotoxic T-cell immunotherapy in murine acute myeloid leukemia

Tumor-induced immune suppression can permit tumor cells to escape host immune resistance. To elucidate host factors contributing to the poor response of adoptively transferred tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), we used a systemic model of murine acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML progression resulted in a progressive regulatory T-cell (Treg) accumulation in disease sites. The adoptive transfer of in vitro–generated, potently lytic anti–AML-reactive CTLs failed to reduce disease burden or extend survival. Compared with non–AML-bearing hosts, transferred CTLs had reduced proliferation in AML sites of metastases. Treg depletion by a brief course of interleukin-2 diphtheria toxin (IL-2DT) transiently reduced AML disease burden but did not permit long-term survival. In contrast, IL-2DT prevented anti-AML CTL hypoproliferation, increased the number of transferred CTLs at AML disease sites, reduced AML tumor burden, and resulted in long-term survivors that sustained an anti-AML memory response. These data demonstrated that Tregs present at AML disease sites suppress adoptively transferred CTL proliferation, limiting their in vivo expansion, and Treg depletion before CTL transfer can result in therapeutic efficacy in settings of substantial pre-existing tumor burden in which antitumor reactive CTL infusion alone has proven ineffective