Physical and Chemical Characteristics Comparison of the Drinking Water and Water Produced from the Conventional and Modification Solar Water Distillery

A comparison of the physical and chemical characteristics of water samples produced from the conventional and modification solar water distilleries, and water samples of networks from different regions in Kirkuk were carried out. Two samples of each water type were tested. The study has focused on measuring the total dissolved solids, pH, electrical conductivity, sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sulfate, nitric and chloride. The results show that all tests of distillate water produced from the solar water distillery are within Iraqi and world standards lower than the other samples, but only pH values ranged from 7 to 8.3, which are within the standard specifications

Evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy by diffusion weighted MRI; correlation with histopathological results

Introduction: Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) has shown its potential as a reliable noninvasive technique for tissue characterization. DWI reflects the tissue specific diffusion capacity which can be used for tissue characterization. Hypercellular tissue (e.g; malignant tumors) had restricted diffusion capacity with increased signals on DWI and low ADC values. Non-tumoral tissues show low cellularity, and diffusion capacity is not restricted resulting in signal loss on DWI and high apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Differential diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy is an issue of debate, especially in malignant benign differentiation. Diffusion weighted imaging with magnetic resonance could improve the diagnostic accuracy in differentiation between benign and malignant mediastinal nodes.Objectives: to determine the efficacy of diffusion weighted MRI in evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy with histopathological correlation to differentiate benign from malignant lymph nodes.Material and methods: 30 patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy underwent diffusion weighted MRI. ADCs of lymph nodes were derived and constructed from b = 0 and b = 1000 sec/mm2 values by drawing regions of interests (ROI). Consequently, mediastinal nodes were studied, biopsies and histopathological analysis were done after MRI examination.Results: The best cutoff point of ADC to differentiate benign from malignant lesions was 1.15 mm/sec (sensitivity 77%, specificity 92% and AUC 81.4%). Significant negative correlation of ADC by DW MRI and the size of the LNs. The mean ADC values in the lymphoma group was lower than in the sarcoidosis group, and the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion: The study supports that MRI with diffusion weighted images can differentiate benign from malignant mediastinal lymphadenopathy and differentiate lymphoma from sarcoidosis non-invasively

Evaluation of the nursing management for patients undergoing to water seal chest tube drainage system

Abstract:Objective(s): The study objectives are to identify the nursing management provided to patients undergoing to water- seal chest tube drainage system..Methodology: A descriptive study which was using the quantitative design. The study was conducted in Alhariri ,Alyarmouk, and Alkindy teaching hospitals starting from October 10th 2012 up to the September 30th 2013. To achieve the objectives of the study, A non-probability (purposive) samples of (50) nurses delete was consisted of all nurses who provides management for patients under-water –seal chest tube drainage systems. The questionnaire tool was constructed, consisting of two parts, first one the demographical data of the sample & the second is the 13th steps of observational checklist for nursing management of patients with under-water –seal chest tube drainage system, the questionnaire validity& reliability was determined by a panel of experts in and out of Nursing College, a suitable statistical analysis was applied for the data.stem . Data were collected by an application of direct observation as a means of data collection. Nurses were evaluated while they are working in the thoracic or surgical wards during the day. Instrument validity and reliability were determined through content validity, by a panel of experts and a suitable statistical analysis was applied for the data.Results: The results of the study showed that most of the sample were males nurses at age group of (20-30) and (31-40)years old working at thoracic surgical wards since 1-5 years only with a poor nursing experience. Also, the result of study indicated that the male nurses who are with nursing institute(22) , preparatory nursing school(20) and nursing school (8) were providing care to patients with chest tube under water- seal drainage not accepted. They were with knowledge deficit and experience in maintain patency and sterility when changing down tube, they do not note the presence of bubbling and recording the consistency of the drainage, which indicating poor management and technique provided and this may lead to complication such as pneumonia and pneumothorax, which may leads to pulmonary failure.Conclusion: The study concluded that the most of nurses that work in thoracic or surgical wards have deficit knowledge in some aspects related to nursing management provided to patients with under water- seal chest tube drainage system.Recommendations: The study emphasize that nurses working in thoracic wards must be at least with Diploma or Bachelorette degree of well educated to provide complete and accurate management for patients with chest tube. Also, the study recommends to apply an intensive courses for already these nurses to improve their knowledge and practice in caring for under – water –seal chest tube drainage system patients..Keywords: Assessment, Nursing Management, Under- Water Seal Chest Tube Drainage System

The Effect of Atomizer Position in a Curved Duct on the Humidification Process of Steadily Flowing Air

An experimental study is conducted on the utilization of water atomization to evaluate its impact on the humidification of steadily flowing air travelling throughout a curved portion of a uniform cross sectional duct. One of the more interesting aspects of curved channel flows is the introduction of a secondary flow pattern in the duct cross-section. The naturally generated turbulences in air flow will certainly assist the mixing between the air and the injected water droplets and improve the heat and mass transfer process encountered in evaporative cooling of the incoming air drought. The present study is considered as a simulation of the gas turbine inlet air cooling by the fogging technique. The drier the air, the better the humidification and cooling process. At higher ambient temperature of 43oC, an increase in the relative humidity of 67.8% and a temperature reduction of 39.6% were recorded at higher water atomizer rate of 24.2ml/s. Generally, the lower half of the curved duct is shown to be less sensitive to the atomizer position for a range of inclination angles between 10o to 45o with radial locations between 5 to 20cm from the inner wall. This situation makes this region most suitable for using atomizing array across it in order to give acceptable performance for cooling system. Nevertheless, the upper half of the curved duct introduces a critical atomizer position suitable for single point spray. This position is considered as the optimum atomizer position defined by a radii ratio of (r/rin = 3.2) and an orientation of -10o to the tangential flow

Antioxidant and cardioprotective activity of Stachys schimperi Vatke against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

AbstractCardiotoxicity is one of the major side effects of anthracycline antibiotics. Most studies implicated increased oxidative stress as the major determinant of doxorubicin (DOX) cardiotoxicity. The aim of the current investigation was to study the possible cardioprotective effect of Stachys schimperi Vatke (family Lamiaceae) on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats based on biochemical and histopathological parameters. The phenolic profile of the methanol extract was determined qualitatively by HPLC. Isoscutellarein 7-O-[2″-O-(6″′-acetyl)-β-d-allopyranosyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (compound 1) was isolated and identified from EB fraction as a major constituent for the first time from this Stachys species. The methanolic extract and the combined EtOAc and n-butanol fractions (EB) as well as compound 1 showed prominent free radical scavenging activity when assessed by the DPPH method. The methanolic extract showed moderate protection against DOX-induced alteration in cardiac oxidative stress markers; GSH and MDA, and cardiac serum markers; CK-MB and LDH activities. Additionally, histopathological study denoted mild protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.It was concluded that Stachys schimperi Vatke methanolic extract protected against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, at least in part, by virtue of its antioxidant activity

Study of genetic variants in chromosome 5p15.33 region in non-smoker lung cancer patients

Introduction: Genome-wide association studies have identified that genetic polymorphisms in the telomerase reverse transcrip-tase (TERT) and cleft lip and palate transmembrane 1-like (CLPTM1L) genes may play important roles in the development of lung cancer in never smokers.Material and methods: This study was aiming to evaluate the associations between the risk of lung cancer in never smokers and single nucleotide polymorphisms in these genes by Real-Time Taqman assay, in forty lung cancer patients and forty apparently healthy age-matched controls selected from the chest department, Kasr Al-Ainy hospital from June 2018 to January 2019. Results: Adenocarcinoma was the most common histopathological subtype of lung cancer in the study patients. Also, the prevalence of females having adenocarcinoma was more common than males. The heterozygous form of the CLPTM1L occurred more frequently in the subjects aged above 46 years (P=0.019). There was a significant association between (rs 2730100) (c. 1574-3777C>A) TERT and CLPTM1L (rs 451360) (c.1532+ 1051C>A) genotypes and the incidence of lung cancer in never smokers, especially adenocarcinoma, a subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).Conclusions: Polymorphism in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and cleft lip and palate transmembrane 1 like (CLPT-M1L) genes may play an important role in the development of NSCLC, especially adenocarcinoma subtype. The two genes are located in the chromosome 5p15.33

The Impact of Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy in Prolonged Major Abdominal Surgery on Extravascular Lung Water and Oxygenation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND: A growing interest had been paid to goal-directed fluid therapy (GDT) in abdominal surgery; however, its impact on the respiratory profile was not well investigated. AIM: We evaluated the impact of GDT on postoperative extravascular lung water and oxygenation after prolonged major abdominal surgery. METHODS: A randomised, controlled study was conducted in Kasr Alainy hospital from April 2016 till December 2017 including 120 adult patients scheduled for prolonged major abdominal surgery. Patients were randomised into either GDT group (n = 60) who received baseline restricted fluid therapy (2 mL/Kg/hour) which is guided by stroke volume variation, or control group (n = 60) who received standard care. Both study groups were compared according to hemodynamic data, fluid requirements, lung ultrasound score, and PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (P/F ratio), RESULTS: Intraoperatively, GDT group received less volume of fluids and showed higher intraoperative mean arterial pressure compared to the control group. Postoperatively, lung ultrasound score was lower, and P/F ratio was higher in the GDT group compared to the control group. The number of patients who showed a significant postoperative increase in LUS was higher in the control group 44 (73%) patients versus 14 (23%) patients, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using stroke volume variation for guiding fluid therapy in prolonged, major abdominal operations were associated with better hemodynamic profile, less intraoperative fluid administration, lower extravascular lung water and better oxygenation compared to standard care

Hexahydro-1,2,3-triazine Derivatives: Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation, Antibiofilm Activity and Study of Molecular Docking Against Glucosamine-6-Phosphate

The N,N',N''-trisubstituted hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine derivatives (3a–g) had been created and identified through infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry according to their symmetric basic structure. Three molecules of diverse aromatic amines and three molecules of formaldehyde were assembled in a "1+1+1+1+1+1" condensation reaction to produce hexahydrotriazines. Two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and two Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the produced compounds. The anti-biofilm activity of 3g against S. aureus was also examined. In this investigation, glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase was employed to investigate the binding affinity of 3g within the enzyme's binding site. The results demonstrated that most of the synthesized hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine compounds have mild antimicrobial effects in comparison with the commonly used drug ampicillin, whereas the compounds 3g are potentially anti-biofilm agents. Molecular docking with the Autodock 4.2 tool was applied to study the binding affinity. It was found to hit (3g) in the active center of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase as the target enzyme for antimicrobial agents. In silico studies reveal that the discovered hit is a promising glucosamine-6-phosphate inhibitor, as well as that the docking data matched up to the in vitro assay

Structure and in silico simulations of a cold-active esterase reveals its prime cold-adaptation mechanism

Here we determined the structure of a cold active family IV esterase (EstN7) cloned from Bacillus cohnii strain N1. EstN7 is a dimer with a classical α/β hydrolase fold. It has an acidic surface that is thought to play a role in cold-adaption by retaining solvation under changed water solvent entropy at lower temperatures. The conformation of the functionally important cap region is significantly different to EstN7's closest relatives, forming a bridge-like structure with reduced helical content providing greater access to the active site through more than one substrate access tunnel. However, dynamics do not appear to play a major role in cold adaption. Molecular dynamics at different temperatures, rigidity analysis, normal mode analysis and geometric simulations of motion confirm the flexibility of the cap region but suggest that the rest of the protein is largely rigid. Rigidity analysis indicates the distribution of hydrophobic tethers is appropriate to colder conditions, where the hydrophobic effect is weaker than in mesophilic conditions due to reduced water entropy. Thus, it is likely that increased substrate accessibility and tolerance to changes in water entropy are important for of EstN7's cold adaptation rather than changes in dynamics

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe