The Impact of Divergent and Convergent Tasks on Iraqi EFL Students Reading Comprehension Success

This research attempted to explore the effects of divergent and convergent tasks on the successful reading of EFL students at the preparatory stage. To verify the analysis, the null hypothesis was established that states "There are no differences of statistical significance at the level of (0,05) among the mean of scores of the experimental group who study according to divergent and convergent task technique and the mean of the scores of the control group who study according to the regular method".  The experimental approach is used by designing two equivalent experimental groups of 32 students studying the technique proposed, and an 8-week (2019-2020) control group of 32 students, three classes each week using the Google Classroom Platform and Telegram. The present study utilized the platform Google Classroom (GC) and Telegram as an educational platform to assist students during their course learning process. The writing skills test was administered after checking with the experts. The results show that there are statistical differences at level (0,05) between the average of the experimental and control groups' reading skills and those of the experimental group. This difference is because the experimental group uses divergent and convergent tasks

Experimental implementation of Raman scattering spectroscopy, photoluminescence and some optical properties of silver nanoparticles created by eco-friendly technique

The object of research is studying Raman scattering technique, photoluminescence and some optical properties of silver nanoparticles created by eco-friendly technique which independent on a long time, effort, energy and high temperatures, and with the highest adsorption capacity in order to achieve a high inhibition to paralyze the activity of the bacterial wall, by achieving the highest surface plasmon resonance (SRR). Silver nanoparticles were prepared using Matricaria Flower extract. Characterization of silver nanoparticles and detection of their effectiveness against microbial using two types of bacteria (Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus ), these nanoparticles were measured using a number of measurements, X-ray diffraction measurement, Energy Dispersion (EDX), (FESEM), U–V Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Photoluminescence (PL) properties of silver nanoparticle at room temperature and Raman scattering spectroscopy were investigated. The Scherrer’s equation was used to calculate the crystallite size of Silver nanoparticles, the average crystallite size is 48.64 nm. The PL spectra of silver nanoparticles exhibit two emission bands: one is in the UV region 350 nm and the other is in the visible region 650 nm. This is roughly identical to the absorption spectrum results. The antimicrobial activity was tested against gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Prepared Ag NPs exhibited inhibitory activity in both types of bacteria strains at best selectivity against gram-negative bacteria. An eco-friendly technique is used for synthesizing technique to produce silver nanoparticles with the expected best application properties. These research results suitable to be use the Silver nanoparticles in sensors and many electronic, electrical, medical and biological application

Review: A comparative study on the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using pulsed Laser ablation, extraction plants and plasma methods

Nanoparticles  have very important and unique properties and  qualities that make them important and distinctive in all fields , and they are used in different applications , and on this basis i conducted this study .this review focuses on the progress in the laser ablation , biological and plasma synthesis processes for Au and Ag NP generation, especially in their fabrication fundamentals and potential applications. First, the fundamentals of the laser ablation method are critically reviewed, including the laser ablation mechanism for Au and  Ag NPs and the controlling of their size and shape during fabrication using laser ablation. Second, the fundamentals of the biological method are comprehensively discussed, involving the synthesis principle and the process of controlling the size and shape and preparing Au and Ag NPs using biological methods. Biological route of nanoparticle synthesis , it is an environmentally friendly , low cost and very effective method , Biosynthesis route by  extracting plants possesses great ability to  synthesize various size and shape of metallic nanoparticles Of these biomaterials ,this study focuses on the synthesis of nanoparticles by plant extracts , The biomolecules present in the plants such as terpenoids, flavones, ketones , amino acids  aldehydes, proteins  , vitamins, alkaloids , tannins, phenolics, saponins, and polysaccharides play a vital role in reduction of metals. Third, the synthesis of Au and Ag NPs using plasma route.the plasma method , which is a method consisting of sending a sufficient pulse of  electric current through an electrical wire for materials that conduct electricity , and the wire is thin , and when heated , the wire evaporates , which leads to an explosive shock wave , and this method is a good method for producing metal nanoparticles with good specifications for use in many applications .many of the techniques used to describe these nanoparticles have been discussed , and this review highlights the applications of nanoparticles in various fields such as agriculture , medicine , food , and cosmetics . Thus, this article reviews the achievements and current status of synthesis of nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation, extraction of plants and plasma routs, and hopes to provide insights into this exciting research frontier. Keywords: synthesis,  gold and silver nanoparticles DOI: 10.7176/APTA/87-04 Publication date: November 30th 2023

A Review of Laser Ablation- Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Concepts and the Principles

Laser tecnique is considered one to prepare different kinds of nano materials esspetially nano particles such as quantum dots, carbon nano tubes, nano wires, and core- shell nano particles. The current study review including nano particles which are prepared by pulsed -laser ablation . The growth procedure of nano particles by laser- ablation is focuced in this study . The important parameters to control of nano particle size and the aims to nano particle preparation by pulsed-laser ablation- technology are then discussed. Keywords:pulsed - Laser ablation technique . parameters of laser . Laser focusing parameters . Mideum of ablation embient . Nano particle preparation DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/14-13-04 Publication date: December 31st 202

Legal interpreting in the criminal system: an exploratory study.

Background: This research study investigates the position of legal interpreting within the England and Wales’ criminal justice system, as well as the status of legal interpreters. This study has been carried out with nine categories of personnel within the criminal justice system, comprising of judges, lawyers, clerks to the justices, magistrates, probation officers, police officers, prison officers, immigration officers and immigration advisory service officers, 186 number in total. Methods: a qualitative method of enquiry is adopted with questionnaires sent to the above categories, which formed the basis of nine questions used in semi-structured interviews with 38 members from the above categories. The categories were not equally represented, depending on access. These interviews have been considered as the major method of investigation. Participant observation is used as an informal method of enquiry for deepening contextualisation of the study. Themes: four main themes have emerged. They are: culture and communication, role and contradictory role of the interpreter, the position of the interpreter and context of interpreting barriers. Findings: the practice of interpreting is misunderstood and undervalued. The interpreter is not considered as an active participant in the legal process. The role of the interpreter is viewed in terms of a mechanical one, since interpreters are expected to interpret word for word without seeking clarifications of unclear utterance or concept. Implications of the study: criminal justice personnel need a deeper understanding of the practice of interpreting and the diverse role of the interpreter. The study highlights the professional status of interpreters. Proposals have been put forward for improvements to the present situation through statutory recognition and protection of title

Changes in pulmonary function in patients with ulcerative colitis

SummaryObjectivesInformation on the occurrence and frequency of pulmonary involvement in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) is inconsistent. Some authors reported pulmonary impairment with UC by standard pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and documented a reduced diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) especially in patients with active disease, whereas others could not detect differences in routine PFTs between UC patients and controls.AimThe aim of this prospective study was to determine the frequency and type of pulmonary dysfunction in patients with UC with respect to disease activity. Furthermore, to evaluate the influence of smoking, nutritional status, sputum cytology and sulphasalazine therapy on PFT parameters.Patients and methodsTwenty-six patients with UC (20 with active disease, 6 inactive) and 16 age and sex matched healthy controls were investigated with respect to the following pulmonary function tests, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the 1s (FEV1%) and their ratio (FEV1/FVC) and forced expiratory flow 25–75% (FEF25–75%) as well as oxygen saturation. For UC patients, colonoscopy and biopsy were done. Disease activity was assessed by Truelove index for UC. Induced sputum was sampled for cytology. Smoking habit, body mass index (BMI) and medications were recorded.ResultsFifteen out of 26 patients with UC (57.6%) exhibited at least one pathological pulmonary function test (<80% of predicted value). Small airway obstruction was reported in the 15 patients, restrictive dysfunction in 30.7% and obstructive dysfunction in 11.5%. The impairment of PFTs was significant and more pronounced in patients with active disease, FVC (−14% of predicted), FEV1 (−9% of predicted) and FEF25–75% (−32% of predicted), P<0.01, 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. There was no significant influence of smoking and medications on PFTs.ConclusionsUC patients show significantly decreased lung function tests in comparison to healthy controls. The impairment in active disease exceeded that during the remission. Early recognition is important, as they can be strikingly steroid responsive

A new 2D Hénon-logistic map for producing hyperchaotic behavior

Derived from the two-dimensional (2D) Hénon map and the one-dimensional (1D) Logistic map, this paper proposes a new 2D hyperchaotic map, called the 2D Hénon-Logistic map (2D-HLM). The dynamics of the 2D-HLM are investigated by means of equilibria, stability analysis, trajectory, Lyapunov exponent, and bifurcation diagram. Mathematical analysis reveals that the 2D-HLM has four unstable equilibria. Besides that, it has wide chaotic and hyperchaotic behaviors with very limited periodic windows. To evaluate the complexity performance of the 2D-HLM, Approximate entropy is used to analyze its time series. Consequently, the 2D-HLM exhibits extremely complex nonlinear behavior. With all of these attributes, the 2D-HLM would be very appropriate to produce a pseudo-random number generator that can be used in chaos-based cryptographic applications