Simulated and Applied Precision Feeding System of High and Low Forage Diets with Different Fat Sources and Sequences of Dietary Fat Concentration in In-Vitro and In-Vivo Studies

Controlling dry matter intake (DMI) is one strategy to meet the animal’s requirements while reducing feed costs and increasing feed efficiency. Controlling intake through precision-feeding provides a more nutrient-dense diet, allowing an increase in energy and nutrient utilization efficiency while decreasing nutrient loss. The literature about precision feeding has provided information regarding optimal N intake and different dietary fiber proportions, but more information needs to be addressed. This is one of the first attempts to further our knowledge through the use of fat inclusion. In the present dissertation, a total of 4 in-vitro and in-vivo experiments were conducted. Simulated and applied precision feeding with different forage to concentrate (F:C) ratios and fat sources inclusion were used to determine the effect on Holstein and Jersey dairy heifer’s digestibility and fermentation.An introduction to the importance of investigating strategies to fat supplementation in precision feeding for dairy heifers is presented in Chapter 1. Background information and justification of the current dissertation is presented in the systematic Literature Review in Chapter 2. The objective of the first experiment presented in Chapter 3 was to screen the effects of including different types of fat to different F:C ratio on digestibility and in-vitro gas production (GP). Treatments included either low forage (LF; 35%) or high forage (HF; 70%) with 2 dietary fat concentrations (6 or 9% DM) screening for 6 different fat sources plus control (CON). The CON diet had a basal fat concentration in the diet [3% fat (0% fat inclusion); and fat sources were added to attain 6% or 9% fat and consisted of Coconut oil, CO; Poultry fat, PF; Palm oil, PO; Palm kernel oil, PKO; Ca Salts, MEG; Soybean oil, SOY]. Modules were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2×2×7 factorial design and incubated for four 24 h runs. The CO-fed module had the highest DM apparent digestibility (AD), followed by SOY and PF. The true DM digestibility (IVTDMD) and OM AD were the highest in CO than the other types of fat. The AD for DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and IVTDMD was higher in LF. Total VFA was lower in modules fed different fat types than the CON and acetate, while propionate was the lowest for the CON, which increased the A:P ratio. These results suggested that LF diets with high fat concentration can be used under a precision feeding system, and different types of fat sources may improve DM and fiber digestibility. The second experiment\u27s objective presented in Chapter 4 was to evaluate the effects of fermentation and digestion of including different fat sources when high concentrate diets with high-fat inclusion are used to simulate precision feeding in continuous culture. Four treatments were randomly assigned to 8 continuous cultures in a randomized complete block design and ran for 2 periods of 10 d. Diets included high concentrate (HC; 65%) with high fat inclusion starting with a basal level of fat as CON [3% fat (0% fat inclusion); 9% fat (6% PF; CO; SO inclusion)]. The DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose digestibility coefficients (dC) were higher for PF-fed fermenter, and CO followed by SO and then CON. Total VFA was higher for CON, and there was a reduction in acetate and propionate with different fat treatments. These results suggest that simulated precision feeding with HC and high fat supplementation can improve digestibility. Chapter 5 presents the third experiment to determine the effects of simulated precision feeding of different PF levels at different F:C ratios on digestibility and fermentation in continuous culture. Treatments included 2 forage combinations, low (LF; 35% forage), and high (HF; 70% forage) and 4 levels of PF starting with a basal level of fat in the diet [3% fat (0% PF); 5% fat (2% PF); 7% fat (4% PF); and 9% fat (6% PF)]. Treatments were randomly assigned to 8 fermenters in a 2×4 factorial design and ran for 4, 10 d periods. The LF-fed fermenter had higher DM, OM, N, starch, and NFC dC than HF. Nutrients digestibility increased linearly with PF inclusion. Bacterial efficiency was decreased with PF inclusion. Total VFA was higher for LF, and there was a reduction in acetate with LF. The PF inclusion had a linear increase in total VFA, a linear reduction in acetate, and a linear increase in propionate. The A:P ratio decreased linearly in both LF and HF as PF increased. These results suggest that increasing PF in precision fed LF or HF can alter rumen fermentation and improve digestibility. Finally, the last experiment\u27s objective in Chapter 6 was to evaluate the effects on nutrient digestion and rumen fermentation of including different levels of PF in precision fed Holstein and Jersey dairy heifers. Four Holstein and 4 Jersey cannulated heifers were randomly assigned to 4 treatments, included a 55% forage diet with 4 increasing PF inclusion starting with a basal concentration of fat in the diet [3% fat (0% PF); 5% fat (2% PF); 7% fat (4% PF); and 9% fat (6% PF)]. Treatments were administered according to a split-plot, 4×4 Latin square design for 4 periods of 21 d. Holstein-group had a lower DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and NFC AD than Jersey-group. The inclusion of PF did not affect AD. However, starch AD increased linearly as PF increased, whereas NFC AD decreased linearly. Manure output was higher for Holstein, and the PF inclusion showed a linear decrease in manure output. Total VFA, acetate decreased linearly as PF increased. Concurrently there was a linear increase in propionate, resulting in a linear reduction in the A:P ratio. These results suggest that Jerseys utilized nutrients more efficiently than Holsteins. Dietary PF inclusion up to 6% in the rations can further reduce DMI in precision feeding programs without compromising total-tract digestibility. Overall, these studie’s results indicate that PF can be used as a replacement for corn in precision-fed Holstein and Jersey dairy heifer diets up to 6% DM. Other fat sources with different characteristics can be utilized with relative success, but further research is needed. Incorporation of supplemental fat to controlled intake strategies such as precision-feeding can reduce feed intake for optimal growth, promising impacts on costs. Furthermore, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and animal performance can be enhanced with positive effects on environmental impact

Plasma D-Dimer Value Corrected with Some Physiological and Inflammatory Markers (C-Reactive Protein and Ferritin) in Iraqi Patients with COVID-19 Infection

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic it has been observed that patients have elevated plasma levels of D-dimer and some inflammatory markers (ferritin, interleukine 6, C-reactive protein (CRP) or fibrinogen). Some studies point to the existence of a certain correlation between those markers and D-dimer. CRP is a protein discovered in the 1930s by Tillett and Francis and is an acute phase reactant. It is a pentameric protein which is synthesized by the liver under the action of cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). D-dimers are multiple peptide fragments produced as a result of degradation of crosslinked fibrin, mediated by plasmin. A total of 60 patients were recruited and categorized into :1- group1 (controls), 2- group 2 (COVID-19 patients). 5 ml of blood was obtained from each patient by vein puncture, using 5 ml disposable syringes, then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to collect the serum.  D- dimer, C-reactive protein were measured by using (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). At the same time, the Ferritin was assessed by using a miniVIDAS analyzer for the fluorescent enzymatic detection of β2-microglobulin (β2M) using the technique. Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) (BioMerieux). Our results showed that there was a non- significant difference in the P-values between control and patients males and females. The Mean ± SE of age in control group was 45.90 ± 3.34, while the Mean ± SE of age in patients was 45.35 ± 2.52. There was a non- significant difference between the two groups, the Mean ± SE of CRP in control group was 5.04 ±0.81, while the Mean ± SE of CRP in COVID-19 patients was 37.16 ±3.24, there was a highly Significant differences between them (P≤0.01). The CRP of COVID-19 patients were compared with those of control patients, the results shows significant increased CRP in covid-19 patients group as a compression with the control group, the findings of the study is similar to Jacob Lentner, etal findings. In response to infections, the liver synthesizes significant quantities of acute-phase proteins (APPs), such as CRP. This acute inflammatory protein is a highly sensitive biomarker for inflammation, tissue damage, and infection. It has been shown that CRP levels are correlated with levels of inflammation. CRP levels can promote phagocytosis and activate the complement system. In other words, CRP binds to microorganisms and promotes their removal through phagocytosis. D-dimers are one of the fragments produced when plasmin cleaves fibrin to break down clots. Our study showed that the serum D-dimer concentrations in patients significantly higher than those in control group which is similar to Mamta Soni, etal, 2020 findings. Elevated D-dimer levels have emerged as a consistent finding in severely ill COVID-19 patients, Multiple studies have identified an association between higher D-dimer levels and an increased risk of mortality in the COVID-19 patient population. Ferritin is an iron-storing protein; its serum level reflects the normal iron level and helps the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. Circulation ferritin level increases during viral infections and can be a marker of viral replication. Our study showed a significant increase in ferritin level in covid-19 patients group compared to control group, which consider similar to [] results. Although the exact cause for elevated ferritin in COVID-19 infection is unknown, it could be influenced by cytokine release or cellular damage that results in the leakage of intracellular ferritin. It has been previously shown that ferritin is a direct indicator of cellular damage suggestive of an association between organ damage and ferritin production. This could later cause cell death, known as ferroptosis. It is suggested that inflammation associated with sepsis could alter iron metabolism and deficiency to facilitate the immune system, which could be an early sign of COVID

Antibacterial Activity of the Crude Phenolic, Alkaloid and Terpenoid Compounds Extracts of Lactuca serriola L. on Human Pathogenic Bacteria

Objective: To reveal the effect of the crude phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid compounds extracts of Lactuca serriola L. on some Human Pathogenic Bacteria.Methods: Antibacterial activities of the crude Phenolic, Alkaloid and Terpenoid of medicinal plant were determined by in vitro by agar diffusion-method against some human pathogenic bacteria.Results: obtained results showed that among nine pathogenic bacteria, only Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus Gram-positive were susceptible for Terpenoid, Alkaloid and Phenolic compounds while Staphylococcus epidermidis was resistant to active compounds.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that we can conclude that the effect of active compounds in same plant has different effect on different pathogenic organisms in different concentration. Keywords: Antibacterial Activity; Lactuca serriola L; Pathogenic Bacteri

Review of cloud computing in science, technology, and real life

This paper presents an overview of the general idea and history of cloud computing in theory. The objective of this review is to draw attention to preceding studies about cloud computing that have common characteristics with the theme of this paper. There were some points discussed in general, including the advantages of this technology, its subjects, security, and the effects of adopting cloud computing in an organization

Modelling, Identification and Control of A" Magnetic Levitation CE152

43 unstable, it should be linearized at optional operating point and a digital PID controller with a fine tuned parameters is designed to track a small varying input signals. Finally the simulation’s model is validated with the real system, the results show the simulation’s model is adequately represents the real magnetic levitation system

Symmetric Cryptosystem Based on Petri Net

يتضمن هذا البحث طريقة جديدة  تعتمد على شبكة بتري لتوليد مفتاح سري خاص .يستخدم  مؤشر الوصول الذي يشير الى البيانات الموجودة  في الشبكة كمفتاح للتشفير وفك التشفير للحصول على مفتاح معقد بشكل جيد. يستخدم كلا الطرفين (المرسل والمستقبل)  للتشفير وفك التشفيرشبكة ذات تصميم مطابق لتوليد نفس المفتاح . يتم اعادة ترتيب النص الصريح باستخدام جدول معين قبل عملية التجميع مع المفتاح لتوليد النص المشفرIn this wok, a novel approach based on ordinary Petri net is used to generate private key . The reachability marking  of petri net is used as encryption/decryption key to provide more complex key . The same ordinary Petri Nets models  are used for the sender(encryption) and  the receiver(decryption).The plaintext has been permutated  using  look-up table ,and XOR-ed with key to generate cipher tex

Evaluation of transvaginal ultrasound role in the prediction of adenomyosis: correlation with histopathology

Background: Adenomyosis is a common gynecologic disorder that primarily affects women of reproductive age that has reported incidence of 5-70% in surgical and postmortem specimens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of various transvaginal sonographic findings in adenomyosis by comparing them with histopathological results and to determine the most valuable sonographic feature in the diagnosis of adenomyosis.Methods: All transvaginal US findings were correlated with those from histologic examination. The frequency of presenting symptoms and signs of adenomyosis were evaluated. Transvaginal US depicted 10 of 12 pathologically proved cases of adenomyosis. Adenomyosis was correctly ruled out in 33 of 38 patients.Results: Transvaginal US had a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 86%, and a positive and negative predictive value of 66% and 94%, respectively. Of the 10 patients with true-positive findings at transvaginal US, the myometrium demonstrated heterogeneous with or without the presence of cysts in nine (75%) patients, linear striation in four (33.3%) patients and globular uterus in six (50%) patients. Three (25%) of 12 cases of adenomyosis had an enlarged uterus, adenomyosis was a significant association with high parity.Conclusions: Adenomyosis can be diagnosed with a considerable accuracy by transvaginal ultrasound. The most common sonographic criteria of adenomyosis are heterogeneous myometrial appearance while the most specific criteria are myometrial cysts, sub-endometrial echogenic linear striations and globular configuration of the uterus

Oral bioaccessibility tests to measure potentially toxic elements in inhalable particulate matter collected during routine air quality monitoring

The simplified bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) and the stomach phase of the unified bioaccessibility method (UBM) have been modified for use in assessing the bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements in samples of PM10 collected during routine air quality monitoring. Arsenic, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in extracts of synthetic PM samples prepared by loading candidate soil reference material BGS102 onto TX40 (Teflon-coated borosilicate) filters widely used in standard commercial tapered element oscillating microbalance/filter dynamics measurement system (FDMS) ambient particulate monitors. Analysis of blanks revealed two important sources of contamination that had to be controlled in order to achieve reproducible results. The syringe filters used in the SBET released Cu and Zn into sample extracts during filtration and had to be washed with 80 mL of 0.4 M glycine at pH 1.5 immediately prior to use, whilst the FDMS filters used to collect PM10 were found to contain sufficient extractable Zn (ca. 3 μg per filter) to almost double the concentration released by the soil. The latter is a consequence of the use of Zn in filter manufacture and so could not be eliminated, but was successfully overcome by means of blank-subtraction. A ten-fold miniaturisation of the SBET and six-fold miniaturisation of the UBM allowed 0.1 g samples to be processed, with analyte recoveries generally within ±10% of those obtained when the conventional procedures were used. Comparison between results obtained when the modified procedures were applied to soil alone, and when soil was loaded onto FDMS filters, indicated that the presence of the filter had no effect on extraction efficiency, except for Fe, provided blank-correction was performed. Results obtained for As, Cd and Pb when the modified UBM was applied to BGS102 on FDMS filters were 4.40 ± 0.04, 0.224 ± 0.002 and 17.3 ± 0.8 mg kg-1, respectively (n = 3), all within recommended ranges

A novel two-step sequential bioaccessibility test for potentially toxic elements in inhaled particulate matter transported into the gastrointestinal tract by mucociliary clearance

A novel two-step sequential extraction has been developed to assess the bioaccessibility of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in airborne particulate matter following inhalation and transport into the human gastrointestinal tract by mucociliary clearance. A new artificial mucus fluid (AMF) was used to determine the bioaccessible potentially toxic element (PTE) fraction in the upper airways, in sequence with the simplified bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) or the stomach phase of the unified bioaccessibility method (gastric fluid only) (UBMG). Filter dynamic measurement system TX40 filters smeared with soil reference material (BGS RM 102) were used as test samples. Analysis was performed by ICP-MS. Comparison between results obtained for soil alone and when the soil was supported on TX40 filters indicated that the presence of the substrate did not affect the extraction efficiency, although a large Zn blank was detected. The sequential AMF→SBET extraction liberated similar amounts of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn to the SBET alone; but significantly less Cd; and significantly more As, Cr, Cu and Pb. The sequential AMF→UBMG extraction liberated similar amounts of Cd, Cr, Mn and Zn to the UBMG alone, but significantly less As, Fe and Ni; and significantly more Cu and Pb. Enhanced extractability was due to the greater quantities of exchangeable ions and complexing agents present. Adoption of a two-step sequential extraction (AMF followed by either the SBET or the UBMG) is recommended because it is more representative of biological conditions and avoids overestimation or underestimation of bioaccessible PTE concentrations

Prediction of preterm birth by evaluating the fetal adrenal gland volume and blood flow: a pilot study

Background: The aim of the current study was to estimate the risk of preterm birth (delivery < 37 weeks of gestation) by evaluating the fetal adrenal gland volume and blood flow at Women’s Health Hospital, Assiut University, Egypt.Methods: A pilot prospective cohort study included pregnant women presented to our hospital with threatened preterm labor between December 2016 and May 2018. All women were recruited consecutively at the emergency unit of Women’s Health Hospital at Assiut University. The fetal adrenal gland volume was assessed using 3-dimensional images of the fetal adrenal with the aid of Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis (VOCAL) software. Doppler evaluation of the fetal adrenal blood vessels was carried out. The RI, PI and S/D ratio was calculated for every case. The neonatal outcomes at delivery were assessed and compared with respect to the duration of actual delivery from the time of evaluation. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22.0) and p<0.05 was taken as the significant level.Results: The study included 30 pregnant women at the final analysis. Women were classified according to the time of actual delivery into two groups. Group (I, n=13) those who delivered within 7 days and group (II, n=17) those who delivered 7 days or more. No difference between both groups regarding the baseline characteristics. No difference regarding the mode of delivery (p=0.708). All Doppler indices were statistically in-different between both groups. The fetal adrenal gland volume was significantly lower in group II than group I (p=0.001). On ROC analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) for prediction of preterm birth based on the fetal adrenal gland volume was (AUC= 0.873). The ROC curve shows that the best cut off value using the volume was ≥0.461 with 76.92% sensitivity and 88.24% specificity for prediction of preterm birth with an overall accuracy of 83.3%.Conclusions: Fetal adrenal gland volume was identified as a significant predictor of delivery in pregnant women who had spontaneous preterm births with intact membranes