The Cholecystectomy As A Day Case (CAAD) Score: A Validated Score of Preoperative Predictors of Successful Day-Case Cholecystectomy Using the CholeS Data Set

Background Day-case surgery is associated with significant patient and cost benefits. However, only 43% of cholecystectomy patients are discharged home the same day. One hypothesis is day-case cholecystectomy rates, defined as patients discharged the same day as their operation, may be improved by better assessment of patients using standard preoperative variables. Methods Data were extracted from a prospectively collected data set of cholecystectomy patients from 166 UK and Irish hospitals (CholeS). Cholecystectomies performed as elective procedures were divided into main (75%) and validation (25%) data sets. Preoperative predictors were identified, and a risk score of failed day case was devised using multivariate logistic regression. Receiver operating curve analysis was used to validate the score in the validation data set. Results Of the 7426 elective cholecystectomies performed, 49% of these were discharged home the same day. Same-day discharge following cholecystectomy was less likely with older patients (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.15–0.23), higher ASA scores (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.15–0.23), complicated cholelithiasis (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.48), male gender (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.58–0.74), previous acute gallstone-related admissions (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.48–0.60) and preoperative endoscopic intervention (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.34–0.47). The CAAD score was developed using these variables. When applied to the validation subgroup, a CAAD score of ≤5 was associated with 80.8% successful day-case cholecystectomy compared with 19.2% associated with a CAAD score >5 (p < 0.001). Conclusions The CAAD score which utilises data readily available from clinic letters and electronic sources can predict same-day discharges following cholecystectomy

Novel Approach to Predict Ground-Level Ozone Concentration Using S-estimation and MM-Estimimation

© 2020 IEEE. Ground-level ozone concentration is one of the main concerns for air pollution, due to the negative impacts on human health, animals, foliage, climate and the whole ecosystem. The aim of this paper is to reduce the influential outliers by including weightages within robust method to avoid the bias of the model. The influential outliers from x-space (predictors) have been identified using leverage values. Furthermore, Cook's distance and standardized residual have been computed to clarify the influential outliers from both of x-space and y-direction. S-estimation and MM-estimation have been introduced as a new approach for reducing the influential outliers from x-space and both of y-direction and x-space respectively. The comparison between the robust method and the ordinary least square method shows that, the accuracy measures of the robust method have been improved by around 0.94% (D+1), 0.56% (D+2) and 1.85% (D+3) respectively

Polymer-supported nanomaterials for photodegradation: Unraveling the methylene blue menace

In the modern era, the inaccessibility of safe drinking water has become a hot issue. In this regard, industrial chemicals are one of the most well known pollutants that disturb the water quality and make it flabby for comsumption. Amongst these pollutants, methylene blue is the most noxious, persistent, and oncogenic, as well as posing a severe risk to human health and environmental protection. This is frequently found in natural reserviors, which turn out to be a health hazard to human beings and other organisms. So, it is necessary to introduce efficient and eco-friendly techniques for eliminating organic dyes from wastewater. To meet this goal, photodegradation of the pollutants has been one of the most efficient and reliable approach for the removal of organic dyes. It can completely mineralize the dyes into nontoxic species in a cost-effective way. This article helps readers who are interested in exploring their expertise in this research area. In our study, we address both the fundamental principles of photodegradation and explore the application of polymer-supported nanomaterials for organic pollutant degradation. Our study has addressed critical parameters like irradiation time, oxidants, scavengers, pH, catalyst dosages, and most importantly, the role of reactive oxygen species in the degradation of organic dyes. This article provides a concise overview of the principles of photocatalysis, including mechanisms, reaction schemes, and end products of dye degradation. It also discusses the future outlook for consuming dyes on an industrial scale. Additionally, the article categorizes the approaches for developing efficient photocatalytic degradation of dyes