ANALYSIS OF URDU LANGUAGE COLLECTION IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN

Mother language and national language play pivotal role in the educational developments of the nations. Much importance is being awarded for the promotion of these languages all over the world as well as inPakistan. National languages are considered as official languages in many of the countries. In this regard recently the Government of Pakistan and courts ruled out the implementation of Urdu as official language. Quantitative research method followed by survey was opted for the completion of this study. Two separate questionnaires were used to get the relevant data from the respondents (Librarians and Students). This study explored library collection (including Urdu language collection) which is in total 1299384 books, 497 journals, 76 magazines, 89 newspapers, 34504 thesis/ dissertations/ projects, 13211 audio/ video (CDs/DVDs) and 18000 other types of collections available cumulatively in the public sector university libraries of the Lahore and also explored that majority of public sector libraries in Lahore have collection in Urdu language on various subjects but a very little in numbers. Change of curricula in English medium; lack of enough space in libraries and availability of similar information in other languages are pointed out as major hurdle for acquisition of the material in Urdu language. Regarding users’ perception it was revealed that they consider the books in Urdu language as more useful for the better understanding of concepts. Regarding satisfaction the users it is found they are satisfied with the availability of collection in Urdu language in their university libraries. The majority of respondents read books in Urdu language for leisure reading while books in English language for their course work

Prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis in Selected Districts of Kashmir Valley

Chronic bronchitis causes high morbidity and mortality throughout the world and it is basically a preventable disease. Kashmir being a high altitude area, with people living in poorly ventilated homes and use of wood as a primary source of fuel in some part of rural areas predispose them to respiratory diseases. The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in the age group of 18 years and above in Kashmiri population. It was a community based cross sectional study, with multi stage random sample of 912 consenting participants, aged >18 years and above. The overall prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found out to be 5.4%. The study showed higher prevalence among males compared to females, higher age groups, smokers and people living in overcrowded homes, using wood as fuel and majority of them belonged to low socio- economic status. Concluding that prevalence was less than expected but there still remains room for improvement .The common risk factors of chronic bronchitis like smoking , overcrowding and using wood as a fuel can be dealt with educational interventions and raising the socio- economic status. People in common should be educated about this respiratory disease, its complications and its risk factors

Deliberative Democracy: Effect of News Media and Interpersonal Conversation on Quality of Public Opinion

Issues are debated on media and then redistributed into society through interpersonal conversation.Public deliberations lead to formation of public opinion on the issues of public concern. Public opinion refers to the views held by those who participate in public discourse. Quality of public opinion is based on quality of the discourse and quantity of the participation. The main objective of the study is to analyze the effects of the media on quality of the public opinion.A sample of 338 respondents was selected from various sections of the society, i.e. semi and unskilled labor, government employees, professionals, students, and housewives from the provincial capitals of Pakistan. Aquestionnaire consisting of 48 items(Kim et al, 1999) regarding conversation patterns was adapted to use in Pakistani context.According to the results of the study when an issue was frequently discussed in talk shows on TV channels,people discussed it in their interpersonal conversation. Increase in quantity of information from different perspectives enhanced quality of public opinion

Work Culture towards Professions in South Asia: A Multidimensional Study on University Teachers of Pakistan

South Asia means one-fourth population of the world, comprises 7 countries, and the most backward region of the world, educationally, economically and in human development index. On the other hand, it is historically was a rich region with most ancient and educated civilization of the world before colonial rule. The aim of the study was to examine professional attitude of teachers and their psychological satisfaction level towards work culture after adopting teaching profession at university level in the region of South Asia. The researchers explored three major components of attitude called ABC model, A for Affective, B for Behavior and C for Cognitive to explore teaching attitude. The researchers investigate psychological satisfaction level in teachers specify with three factors called intrinsic, extrinsic and altruistic. The study was nonexperimental in its nature with descriptive study design. All teachers of public universities of the South Asian region were the population of the study. Out of three hundred sample teachers, 233 teachers participated in the research from 8 universities. After reviewing the literature two questionnaires were constructed by the researchers for discovering attitude towards teaching ten statements and satisfaction level of teachers towards teaching after adopting teaching profession eight statements at point Likert scale. Pilot testing of the instruments was also conducted. Overall reliability of instruments on Cronbach's Alpha is (α = .91), while attitude (α = .77) and satisfaction was (α = .80) accordingly. Each questionnaire was on five point Likert scale. On the basis of the information it was decided to apply a parametric test One Sample T Test and to check relationship a Pearson Correlation Test were applied. Results of the study show that teachers have positive attitude towards teaching and teachers were low satisfied after adopting teaching profession. According to findings many suitable suggestions were provided by researchers. Key Words; Profession, Attitude, Work Culture, Psychometric Satisfaction, South Asi

Utilisation of an operative difficulty grading scale for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background A reliable system for grading operative difficulty of laparoscopic cholecystectomy would standardise description of findings and reporting of outcomes. The aim of this study was to validate a difficulty grading system (Nassar scale), testing its applicability and consistency in two large prospective datasets. Methods Patient and disease-related variables and 30-day outcomes were identified in two prospective cholecystectomy databases: the multi-centre prospective cohort of 8820 patients from the recent CholeS Study and the single-surgeon series containing 4089 patients. Operative data and patient outcomes were correlated with Nassar operative difficultly scale, using Kendall’s tau for dichotomous variables, or Jonckheere–Terpstra tests for continuous variables. A ROC curve analysis was performed, to quantify the predictive accuracy of the scale for each outcome, with continuous outcomes dichotomised, prior to analysis. Results A higher operative difficulty grade was consistently associated with worse outcomes for the patients in both the reference and CholeS cohorts. The median length of stay increased from 0 to 4 days, and the 30-day complication rate from 7.6 to 24.4% as the difficulty grade increased from 1 to 4/5 (both p < 0.001). In the CholeS cohort, a higher difficulty grade was found to be most strongly associated with conversion to open and 30-day mortality (AUROC = 0.903, 0.822, respectively). On multivariable analysis, the Nassar operative difficultly scale was found to be a significant independent predictor of operative duration, conversion to open surgery, 30-day complications and 30-day reintervention (all p < 0.001). Conclusion We have shown that an operative difficulty scale can standardise the description of operative findings by multiple grades of surgeons to facilitate audit, training assessment and research. It provides a tool for reporting operative findings, disease severity and technical difficulty and can be utilised in future research to reliably compare outcomes according to case mix and intra-operative difficulty

Population‐based cohort study of outcomes following cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder diseases

Background The aim was to describe the management of benign gallbladder disease and identify characteristics associated with all‐cause 30‐day readmissions and complications in a prospective population‐based cohort. Methods Data were collected on consecutive patients undergoing cholecystectomy in acute UK and Irish hospitals between 1 March and 1 May 2014. Potential explanatory variables influencing all‐cause 30‐day readmissions and complications were analysed by means of multilevel, multivariable logistic regression modelling using a two‐level hierarchical structure with patients (level 1) nested within hospitals (level 2). Results Data were collected on 8909 patients undergoing cholecystectomy from 167 hospitals. Some 1451 cholecystectomies (16·3 per cent) were performed as an emergency, 4165 (46·8 per cent) as elective operations, and 3293 patients (37·0 per cent) had had at least one previous emergency admission, but had surgery on a delayed basis. The readmission and complication rates at 30 days were 7·1 per cent (633 of 8909) and 10·8 per cent (962 of 8909) respectively. Both readmissions and complications were independently associated with increasing ASA fitness grade, duration of surgery, and increasing numbers of emergency admissions with gallbladder disease before cholecystectomy. No identifiable hospital characteristics were linked to readmissions and complications. Conclusion Readmissions and complications following cholecystectomy are common and associated with patient and disease characteristics

ANALYSIS OF URDU LANGUAGE COLLECTION IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN

Mother language and national language play pivotal role in the educational developments of the nations. Much importance is being awarded for the promotion of these languages all over the world as well as inPakistan. National languages are considered as official languages in many of the countries. In this regard recently the Government of Pakistan and courts ruled out the implementation of Urdu as official language. Quantitative research method followed by survey was opted for the completion of this study. Two separate questionnaires were used to get the relevant data from the respondents (Librarians and Students). This study explored library collection (including Urdu language collection) which is in total 1299384 books, 497 journals, 76 magazines, 89 newspapers, 34504 thesis/ dissertations/ projects, 13211 audio/ video (CDs/DVDs) and 18000 other types of collections available cumulatively in the public sector university libraries of the Lahore and also explored that majority of public sector libraries in Lahore have collection in Urdu language on various subjects but a very little in numbers. Change of curricula in English medium; lack of enough space in libraries and availability of similar information in other languages are pointed out as major hurdle for acquisition of the material in Urdu language. Regarding users’ perception it was revealed that they consider the books in Urdu language as more useful for the better understanding of concepts. Regarding satisfaction the users it is found they are satisfied with the availability of collection in Urdu language in their university libraries. The majority of respondents read books in Urdu language for leisure reading while books in English language for their course work

A Comparative Study on Vocational Training Structure of Pakistan with British and German Model

Abstrac

IMPACT OF SELF EFFICACY BELIEF NOVICE TEACHERS’ IN CLASSROOM LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT ON ICT USAGE

Self-utilization is an active and intrinsic source of motivation when solving problems in this swift mounting era of technological age. Brain has transferred its workload towards Machines especially those are used in information and communication. Self-efficacy belief novice teachers is the teachers&nbsp; who Has the tendency to perform and implement learning behavior needed to produce specific performance linked with social needs with ICT and achievements, Laptop and Android mobile (ICT) in present, a combined and dominant part of human life in 21st century. Increasing use of ICT is changing the effecting and organization of work and learning environment. Digital technology is also working for schools, and hence for novice teachers’ in recent time. Escalating trends shows curiosity of human belonging to any field. The nature of this research paper is descriptive. Aim of the study is to explore “up-to-dated state-of the art as to the implementation of ICT usage in school education institutions”, to measure the impact of Self-efficacy beliefs Novice teachers’ on the use of ICT in teacher education institutions. Population of the study was secondary school teachers, teacher educators and Novice teachers of Grade 9&amp;10th. Sample of the study is those teachers who are users of ICT. Semi structured Questionnaire and observation sheet was developed to obtain the opinion of respondents. Results and findings show that more self-efficacy belief Novice teachers have influencing impact on usage of ICT in Pakistani school exist in various areas

Users’ Perceptions and Expectations of Quality Services in Libraries of Punjab Group of Colleges, Lahore

This research is an attempt to investigate the gap between perceptions and expectations of library users regarding the quality services of college libraries. To measure the quality of Punjab Group of Colleges libraries from students’ perceptions and expectations, the survey method was used. The population consisted on the students of 14 Punjab Group of Colleges of Lahore. There were about 100,000 students that were enrolled in Punjab Group of Colleges. The students of intermediate, bachelors and masters were participants of the study. The convenient sampling technique was used for the selection of participants. A sample size of 383 was drawn from the total population. SERVQUAL instrument was utilized for measurement of service quality through customers’ perceptions and expectations. The instrument of the survey was distributed among respondents with the permission of Punjab Group of Colleges, Lahore for data collection. There were 383 questionnaires that were distributed among students. 304 duly filled questionnaires were received back from the participants. The response rate was 79.37%. Gathered data were analyzed by the researchers using SPSS. Results of the study show that respondents have very high expectations regarding quality library services. The overall mean perception score remained low as compared to expectations. The difference between expectations and perceptions showed on average the low service quality of college libraries. The overall results showed that the gap between users\u27 expectations and perceptions is from 0 to -1. The gap indicates that respondents have a positive view of the library staff\u27s courteous and caring attitude. They are also satisfied with the staff\u27s ability to provide services at the promised time and performing services immediately. The findings of the study suggest that a congenial atmosphere should be provided in libraries to enhance the good image of the libraries among the users