National Defense in the Light of Literature

Defense of a country is always considered a national duty for all citizens because a country with strong defense guarantees a safe and secure nation. After the establishment of Pakistan, it was targeted by the enemy on various occasions, but Pakistan Army defeated the enemy every time by defending the country strongly. While the army showed the essence of its bravery, the authors, poets and writers also participated in these wars and wrote songs, poems and literature for the country. By means of writing these pieces of literature, the defense of the country was also made successful through strengthening patriotism and love for the homeland. This article throws light on the literature written to build national harmony with special reference to Urdu language

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability

Occurrence of Trace and Toxic metals in River Narmada

Deteriorating water quality has become a serious problem in developing countries. Almost 70% of Indian’s surface water resources have become contaminated due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. The results reveals that out of nine water quality stations monitored, water samples collected at 5 water quality stations (Amarkantak, Dindori, Manot, Barmanghat and Handia) are found to be within the permissible limit for all purposes in respect to trace &amp; toxic metals. While Sandia, Hoshangabad, Mandleshwar and Garudeshwar stations were beyond the permissible limit due to presence of chromium, copper and iron metals. The major source of pollution to the Narmada river is the anthropogenic municipal solid waste and sewage from nearby towns/habitations, agricultural runoff and native soil erosion. The quality of the Narmada River is degraded due to the municipal and industrial discharges from the catchment

اردو رسم الخط کا ارتقا

The history of Rasm-ul-Khat is as old as human life. Rasm-ul-Khat plays an important role in human life and is a basic human need. It has created many conveniences in our lives. History will always remember those who invention the script writing. It was founded with the help of human voices and as a pictorial script. Then the pictures were given the form of lines and symbols and the script came into being through special symbols. Most of the world's ancient languages are still in use today in the form of pictorial script and images. Urdu script is also a collection of scripts of other languages of the world which came into existence in the style of sounds, pictures, lines and later it developed in the form of symbols. The study of the tradition of Urdu Rasm-ul-Khat is an interesting subject.  </p

لسانیات اورمعاشرتی روابط

Language is fandamental to any society. It is through language that we can communicate our thoughts to others. The more a language is used, the more it will develop. There are many types of languages including mother tounge, regional language, religious language, official language, business language, national language, international language and so on. When speaking, language and ascent are not taken into consideration, but there is a need to be careful while writing. People who cannot speak a language use specific gestures or symbols to convey their point of view to others. Therefore, we can say that the use of language began as soon as man came into this worl

REVIEWING EARNINGS MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE IN PAKISTAN

Corporate failures throughout the world have increased the importance of studying earnings management. The purpose of the study is to analyze earnings management in PSX-listed non-financial firms. The results confirm that most of the firms are engaged in income decreasing earnings management and the study recommends that regulators may want more disclosure information in financial statements from the firms to discourage earnings management

ہندکو زبان وادب کی تاریخ اورنظریات: تحقیقی مطالعہ: History and Theories of Hindko Literature: An Exploratory Study.

Hindko is considered as one of the oldest languages of the Indo Pak subcontinent. Some reliable sources also state that it was spoken many centuries before the start of Gandhara civilization. In this article it is tried to search out the basis of Hindko language, it’s literature, history and literary thoughts. Hindko Language has been the sign of unity, affection and love and its roots can be traced out some five thousand years back in the Vedak period. It is also the oldest history of some famous religions and civilization, it embeds and imprints significant impacts on Indian culture, religions, society and life of its people. Historians have considered Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, (the Mound of Men) the oldest signs of golden era of civilizations which have been traced out till date. History researchers and archaeologists have described the civilizations of Egypt, Iraq and the Indus Valley as the oldest. The new excavations that have been done in these areas show that the people who lived here five thousand (5,000) years before the birth of Jesus were also familiar with the art of writing and sketching. Panini is the first researcher of the Hindko language who arranged and established the rules of the Hindko language. The ancient manuscripts and documents of Hindko literature are a glimpse of the conditions and wars of ancient times, but the age of its discovered literature is only three hundred years

سرائیکی کلاسیکی مرثیے کے ارکان خمسہ

Epic Usually ends at elegy. Saraiki Poetry begins from elegy. Saraiki Poetry has a long tradition in the historical incident of Karbala. In a specific sect of Muslims this incident is a part of their faith. In this point of view elegy shaped itself as a fun and craft. In this Article it is told about the Saraiki elegy's top five reciters who established the Skelton and shape of this Art.</p

A STUDY OF THE CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY FEMALE TEACHERS APPOINTED IN MALE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

Men and women are always two sides of the same coin, each possessing unique qualities and approaching situations in their own distinct ways. Although possible, a male practitioner can think about fluttering, but still, it is disciplined in the eyes of a talented holder. We are living in a society where everyone expects female nurses and teachers to treat and educate women, but unfortunately, there is a prevalent dislike and resistance towards allowing our own females to participate in education. This research examined one aspect of this educational system which is the problem of female teachers in lower Punjab. This study explored the social problems of these teachers, the level of their job satisfaction, the level of their confidence, and their performance. The population of this study consisted of all the Elementary school of Southern, Punjab Pakistan which has female staff in male Elementary school. The sample was comprised, of 200 female teachers. In non-probability, sampling convenient sample was used.  Questionnaires were developed to know their views on the current situation. The value of Cronbach\u27s alpha was 0.750, which shows a high level of reliability of the scale (questionnaire). In our conservative society female teachers face problems appointed in male schools but this study result shows that female teachers are satisfied with their appointment. All the females/participants in this study gave free responses through a questionnaire they are happy to work with male teachers