Dr. Muhammad Arshad Ovaisi: A Biographical and Intellectual Study: ڈاکٹر محمد ارشد اویسی: ایک سوانحی و فکری جائزہ

This research article presents a comprehensive biographical and intellectual study of Dr. Muhammad Arshad Owaisi, a distinguished figure in contemporary Urdu scholarship. It explores the various dimensions of his life including his spiritual lineage, educational journey, academic contributions, literary services, and socio-cultural engagements. The study situates Dr. Owaisi not only as a prolific educator, researcher, and editor but also as a spiritual and humble personality whose life bridges traditional values with modern academic excellence. Through critical analysis, the article highlights his unique role in the promotion of Urdu literature and research, emphasizing his influence as a mentor, leader, and reformer. This biographical inquiry not only contributes to the genre of literary biography in Urdu but also foregrounds the integration of personal virtue and intellectual rigor in shaping enduring scholarly legacies. References Muhammad Arif Raza. The Jurisprudential Contributions of the Scholars of Tarkan and a Comparative Study of Contemporary Writings (Thesis), The University of Faisalabad, 2023, p. 67. Ibid., p. 54. Dr. Muhammad Arshad Owaisi, Interview, June 25, 2024, via telephone. Ibid. Ibid. Dr. Rabia Sarfraz, Bagh-o-Bahar: Personality, Hum Sub, September 202

Reflection of Prophets love in Kalam e Iqbal: کلامِ اقبال میں پر توِ عشقِ رسول ﷺ

Allama Muhammad Iqbal, a renowned poet and philosopher of the Islamic world, belonged to a devoutly religious family and embodied the spirit of a true Muslim. The most valuable and prominent aspect of his life was his profound love and unwavering obedience to the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him). While Iqbal's poetry does not adopt the traditional style of Naat recitation, it resonates deeply with an immense and unfathomable devotion to the Holy Prophet. His writing reveals a unique and spiritual perspective on the event of the Prophet’s Ascension (Mi'raj), illustrating the mysteries and wisdom of this miraculous journey. Dedicated to the service and supremacy of Islam, Iqbal aspired for all Muslims to not only embody the teachings of Allah and His Messenger but also to spread this divine message to every corner of the world. References: Muhammad Iqbal, Dr. Allama, Kulliyat-e-Iqbal, Urdu, Lahore: Iqbal Academy, 2018, p. 420 Abdu-s-Salam Nadvi, Iqbal Kamil, Azamgarh: Dar-ul-Musannifeen Shibli Academy, 2009, p. 374 Ibid., p. 64 Al-Qur'an, Surah Muhammad, Verse: 38 Muhammad Iqbal, Dr. Allama, Ramooz-e-Bekhudi, Lahore: Sheikh Ghulam Ali and Sons, 2014, p. 131 Muhammad Iqbal, Dr. Allama, Kulliyat-e-Iqbal, Urdu, p. 441 Salahuddin Yusuf, Hafiz, Translator, Al-Qur'an Al-Karim, Lahore: Darussalam, p. 886 Imam Bukhari, Sahih Bukhari Sharif, Hadith: 15 Muhammad Iqbal, Dr. Allama, Kulliyat-e-Iqbal, Persian, Lahore: Sheikh Ghulam Ali and Sons, p. 19 Ibid., pp. 130–131 Rafiuddin Hashmi, Dr., Allama Iqbal Aur Mir-e-Hijaz, Lahore: Bazm-e-Iqbal, June 2015, p. 27 Muhammad Iqbal, Dr. Allama, Kulliyat-e-Iqbal, Urdu, p. 422 Ataullah Sheikh, Editor, Iqbal Nama, Single Volume, Lahore: Iqbal Academy, 2012, pp. 61–62 Muhammad Iqbal, Dr. Allama, Kulliyat-e-Iqbal, Urdu, p. 107 Ibid., p. 271 Ibid., p. 441 Ibid., p. 363 Javed Iqbal, Dr., Zinda Rud, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2012, pp. 17–18 Faqir Syed Waheeduddin, Rozgar-e-Faqir, Vol. II, Lahore: Maktaba Taamir-e-Insaniyat, n.d., pp. 30–31 Ibid., p. 33 Ibid., p. 38 Rafiuddin Hashmi, Dr., Allama Iqbal Aur Mir-e-Hijaz, p. 49 Javed Iqbal, Dr., Zinda Rud, p. 650 Muhammad Iqbal, Dr. Allama, Kulliyat-e-Iqbal, Urdu, p. 568 Ibid., p. 236 Ibid., p. 364 Abdullah, Dr. Syed, Ijaz-e-Iqbal, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2004, p. 390 Ataullah Sheikh, Editor, Iqbal Nama, Single Volume, pp. 305–306 Ibid., p. 211 Rafiuddin Hashmi, Dr., Allama Iqbal Aur Mir-e-Hijaz, p. 52 Muhammad Iqbal, Dr. Allama, Kulliyat-e-Iqbal, Urdu, p. 276 Ataullah Sheikh, Editor, Iqbal Nama, Single Volume, p. 632 Ibid., p. 597 Ibid., p. 209 Sabir Kalorvi, Dr., Editor, Kulliyat-e-Baqiyat-e-She'r-e-Iqbal, Lahore: Iqbal Academy, 2004, pp. 244–268 Muhammad Iqbal, Dr. Allama, Kulliyat-e-Iqbal, Urdu, p. 237 Ibid., p. 754 Arshad, W., Maqsood, A., Zaidi, S. S., Haroon, M., Qadir, U. M., Sultana, U., Arshad, S., Haq, M. I. U., & Sanaullah, S. (2024). Kalam-e-Iqbal: Current requirements and our priorities. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384326267_Kalam_E_Iqbal_Current_Requirements_And_Our_Priorities Javed, J. I., Munawer, M., Ahsan, S., Ali, M. S., Qadir, M. H., Raheed, M., Mumtaz, S., & Arshad, W. (2023). Allama Iqbal and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad's thoughts and ideas about the existence and survival of the Islamic state: In the context of literary aspects. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 20(2), 1239-1250. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38432678

Urdu Education in the 21st Century: Modern Requirements, the Role of Books, and Teaching Prospects: اکیسویں صدی میں اردو کی تعلیم : جدید تقاضے، کتابوں کا کردار اور تدریسی امکانات

 In the 21st century, the requirements for education have undergone a significant transformation due to advancements in technology and changing societal needs. Modern tools such as the internet, smart devices, and digital learning platforms have revolutionized the way knowledge is acquired. Both public and private institutions are striving to integrate technology into education to enhance learning opportunities. Distance learning has gained prominence, allowing students to pursue education alongside their professional responsibilities. Institutions like Allama Iqbal Open University and Virtual University in Pakistan are playing a crucial role in providing accessible and flexible education. The shift from collective learning in traditional settings to individualized digital education is a hallmark of this era. With the rise of e-learning, students can now access knowledge anytime and anywhere, leveraging online resources for personal and professional growth. The evolution of education in the 21st century highlights the importance of adapting to new learning methodologies while ensuring that technology serves as a tool for empowerment rather than  References: Faiza Ahsan Siddiqui, Professor, Taleem Al-Faizon, Karachi: Rab Publishers, 2007, p. 57. Khalili, Munir Ahmed, Taleemi Maqalat (Educational Articles), Lahore: Idara Matbooat Sulemani Ghazni Street, 2004, p. 37. http://www.naibaat.pk/02.dec.2019/2811/ https://www.naibaat.pk/02.dec.2019/281 Wardah Tariq, "Taleem" (Education), Published in Daily Jang, Lahore, November 8, 2020, p. 10. Pamir Times, November 20, 2015, Pakistan. www.thebetterindia.com Muslim Sajjad / Saleem Mansoor Khalid, (Editors), Pakistan Mein Yaksaan Nizam-e-Taleem (Uniform Education System in Pakistan), Islamabad: Book Promoters, 1995, p. 65. Ahmad Khan Alig, Chaudhry, Urdu Sarkari Zaban (Urdu as an Official Language), Lahore: Metro Printers, Samanabad, 1996, p. 65. Rooh-ul-Amin, Syed, Urdu Bator Zariya-e-Taleem (Urdu as a Medium of Education), Lahore: Beacon Books, Gaddafi Market, 2006, p. 12. Majallah Taleem (Education Journal), 1991, p. 159. Arshad, W., Arshad, S., Naeem, M., and Sanaullah, S. “Existentialism: Theories and Philosophical Principles.” Journal of Applied Linguistics and TESOL, vol. 8, no. 1, 2025, pp. 41–47. Retrieved from https://jalt.com.pk/index.php/jalt/article/view/446. Arshad, W., Maqsood, A., Zaidi, S. S., Haroon, M., Qadir, U. M., Sultana, U., Arshad, S., Haq, M. I. U., and Sanaullah, S. Kalam-e-Iqbal: Current Requirements and Our Priorities. 2024. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384326267_Kalam_E_Iqbal_Current_Requirements_And_Our_Priorities. Arshad, W., Naeem, M., Sardar, N., and Arshad, S. “Evolutionary Stages of Translation in the Urdu Language.” Al-Aasar, vol. 2, no. 1, 2025, pp. 77–81. Retrieved from https://al-aasar.com/index.php/Journal/article/view/66. Attaullah, M., Ovaisi, M. A., and Arshad, W. “Indirect Contributions of the Neocolonial Era on Urdu Language.” Makhz (Research Journal), vol. 4, no. 3, 2023. Awaisi, M. A., Attaullah, M., and Arshad, W. “Modern Urdu Fiction and Sufism: An Analytical Study.” Makhz (Research Journal), vol. 4, no. 4, 2023. Naeem, M., Arshad, W., Sanaullah, S., and Arshad, S. “'Chand Gehan, Daan Aur Daastaan' by Intizar Hussain: An Analytical Study.” Al-Aasar, vol. 2, no. 1, 2025, pp. 82–91. Retrieved from https://al-aasar.com/index.php/Journal/article/view/71. Ovaisi, A., and Arshad, W. “The Travelogue of Mahmood Nizami Nazar Nama: Analytical Study.” Tahqeeq-o-Tajzia, vol. 2, no. 1, 2024, pp. 1–14. Retrieved from https://tahqeeqotajzia.com/index.php/tot/article/view/18. Sanaullah, S., Shaheen, A., and Arshad, W. “‘Two Letters of Comfort’ by Dr. Imran Zafar: Analytical Study.” Shnakhat, vol. 3, no. 3, 2024, pp. 346–360. Retrieved from https://shnakhat.com/index.php/shnakhat/article/view/357

An overview of Pakistaniness in the context of Urdu literature: اردو ادب کے تناظر میں پاکستانیت کا مجموعی جائزہ

An individual is identified as a unit of society. This individual cannot be separated from the political and social factors affecting the society in any way. Compared to this individual, a writer or a creator whose creative roots are more deeply rooted in social beliefs and ideas, it is impossible for him to be ignorant or indifferent to the factors influencing social values. Literary movements are the means of expression of aesthetic tendencies which play their role in the creation of literature and the promotion of ideas by representing different regions and values. Every literary movement has been involved in the creation of literature with the literary ideas of its era. Writers associated with these movements presented the aims and objectives of the movement in the form of different genres of literature in their works. After the establishment of Pakistan, in view of the political, social and geographical conditions, the writers of Pakistan put forward the idea of ​​Pakistan and Pakistaniness and made these themes part of the creations in the creation of literature, which were considered helpful in the promotion of Pakistaniness. The literary expression of the idea of ​​Pakistani literature or the purpose of propagating Pakistaniness can be seen in poetry and prose genres. In this paper, an overall review of Pakistaniness will be taken in the context of Urdu literature. References: Dr. Rasheed Amjad, Introduction, included in: Sir Syedian Pakistani Adab, Federal Government Sir Syed College, Rawalpindi, 1981, Volume 1, p. 19. Dr. Rubina Shehnaz, Article: Awareness of Pakistaniness in Modern Literature, included in: Takhliqi Adab, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Issue 4, 2007, p. 105. Dr. Anwar Sadeed, Urdu Adab ki Tehreekain (Movements in Urdu Literature), Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu Pakistan, Karachi, 6th Edition, 2007, p. 61. Ibid., p. 612. Hasan Askari, Conclusion, included in: Jaziray, Saqi Book Depot, Delhi, p. 204. Dr. Abu al-Laith Siddiqui, Article: The Issue of Pakistani Literature, included in: Sir Syedian Pakistani Adab, Federal Government Sir Syed College, Rawalpindi, 1981, Volume 1, p. 538. Dr. Arshad Mehmood Nashad, Article: Pakistani Ghazal – Tradition, Trends, and Possibilities, included in: Monthly Akhbar-e-Urdu, Islamabad, October-November-December, 2022, p. 35. Syed Waqar Azim, Article: Poetry of September 1965, included in: Sir Syedian Pakistani Adab, Federal Government Sir Syed College, Rawalpindi, 1981, Volume 1, p. 628. Dr. Waheed Qureshi, Article: Writer and Society, included in: Sir Syedian Pakistani Adab, Federal Government Sir Syed College, Rawalpindi, 1981, Volume 1, p. 483. Ibid., p. 484. &nbsp

Akhtar Raza Salimi's Novel Writing (In the Light of Existentialist Philosophy): اختر رضّا سلیمی کی ناول نگاری( فلسفہ وجودیت کے آئینہ میں)

In Urdu literature, Akhtar Raza Saleemi is known by two references. One field is his poetry and the other is novel writing. It is difficult for a writer to practice speaking in two different genres and to gain his own position. Akhtar Raza Saleemi wrote in both these genres and what he wrote was brilliantly written. While the latest Western movements and philosophies left a deep impression on the literature of the world, Urdu literature also could not escape this sudden change. Saleemi is a novelist of the 21st century who is not only profound but also has a deep knowledge of philosophies. The dominant thought in his creations is "Existence Thought”. “Existentialism" refers to the philosophy according to which no principle is sufficient to understand the human condition, whether it is moral thought subject to the principles of good and evil or scientific or logical thought under the influence of reality. Rather, in the understanding of this thought and in the starting point of this philosophical thought, there should be personal experiences of the individual. References: Javed Iqbal Nadeem, wajoodiat,, Lahore: Amli Book House, 1989, p.114 Shahzad Ahmed, Wajodi nafsiat per aik nazar, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2005, p.165 Faheem Shenas Kazmi, Sartre kay mazameen (Tarjuma), Karachi: City Book Point, 2015, p.28 Khalid Mahmood Samtia, Khawab, Ijtamai lashour aur Akhtar Raza Saleemi, Lahore: Rommel Publications, 2020, p.82 Ibid, p.84 Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib, Diwan-e-Ghalib, New Delhi: Ghalib Institute, 1957, p.157 Akhtar Raza Saleemi, Jagay hain khawab main, Rawalpindi, Faizul Islam Printers, 2015, p.38 Saleem Akhtar, Teen baray nafsiat dan, Lahore: Al-Jaddah Printers, 1977, p.47 Akhtar Raza Saleemi, Jagay hain khawab main, Rawalpindi: Faizul Islam Printers, 2015, p.191 Ibid., p. 191 Ibid., p. 233 Ibid., p. 240 Ibid., p. 241 Akhtar Raza Saleemi, Jandar, Rawalpindi: Rumel House of Publications, (4th edition), August, 2022, p. 90 Ibid., p. 10 Ibid., p. 110 Anwarul Haq, Diwan-e-Ghaleeb Jadid (ed.), Bhopal: Madhya Pradesh Urdu Academy, 2016, p. 19

Representation of Cultural and Civilizational Values in the Travelogue Zauq-e-Parwaaz: سفرنامہ”ذوقِ پرواز“میں تہذیبی و ثقافتی اقدار کی پیش کش

In the modern tradition of Urdu travel literature, Dr. Fasihuddin Ashraf’s travelogue Zauq-e-Parwaaz holds significant importance. This work chronicles his journeys across more than 50 countries, including China, Egypt, Malaysia, Norway, Jordan, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and others. The travelogue not only documents these travels but also offers a rich portrayal of the cultural and civilizational values of the regions visited. Through vivid descriptions and thoughtful comparisons, the author juxtaposes these foreign cultures with Pakistani civilization, uncovering new perspectives and insights. The travel accounts serve as a reflective mirror of reality and social values, making Zauq-e-Parwaaz a valuable contribution to the discourse on cultural exchange and civilizational awareness. All these aspects are critically explored in the present article. References Will Durant, The Evolution of Human History, Translated by Tanveer Jahan, Lahore: Fiction House, 1993, p. 3 Syed Sibte Hassan, Evolution of Civilization in Pakistan, Karachi: Maktaba Daniyal, 1984, p. 13 Jamil Jalibi, Dr., Pakistani Culture, Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 1985, p. 42 Syed Sibte Hassan, Evolution of Civilization in Pakistan, p. 13 Fasihuddin Ashraf, Dr., Zauq-e-Parwaz, Lahore: Millat Publications, 2024, p. 304 Syed Sibte Hassan, Evolution of Civilization in Pakistan, p. 25 Fasihuddin Ashraf, Dr., Zauq-e-Parwaz, p. 354 Ibid., p. 364 Ibid., p. 129 Ibid., p. 144 Ibid., p. 309 Ibid., p. 110 Will Durant, The Evolution of Human Civilization, p. 58 Fasihuddin Ashraf, Dr., Zauq-e-Parwaz, p. 206 Ibid., p. 286 Ibid., p. 27 Ibid., p. 371 Ibid., p. 231 Ibid., p. 307 Ibid., p. 308 Iqbal Hussain Afkar, Zauq-e-Parwaz… A Travelogue of Khama Bah Josh (2005 to 2019), 51 News, Editorial Page, April 25, 202

"The Poetry of Hameeda Shaheen: A Feminist and Poetic Analysis": حمیدہ شاہین کی شاعری: ایک نسائی اور شعری تجزیہ

Feminine voices in contemporary Urdu poetry are increasingly diverging from classical traditions and engaging with their immediate social and cultural environments. Among these voices, Hamida Shaheen holds a significant place. Her poetry offers a distinctive synthesis of feminine sensibility and contemporary consciousness, through which she articulates a wide range of life experiences. Her verses reflect a deep concern with the erosion of moral values, the existential emptiness of the present era, systemic oppression and exploitation, resistance against class-based structures, and an intense lamentation over the disintegration of ethical norms and the anguish of a fractured societal order. References Mubashara Ali, Hameeda Shaheen Ki Sheri Jehaat,Lahore:Kitab Mahal, 2017,P:126 Hameeda Shaheen, Pesh Lafz, Dastak, Lahore: Ravish Publications 2005. Anjum Romani, Flap Dastak Hameeda Shaheen, Dastak, P: 103 Amjad Islam Amjad, Hameeda Shaheen ki Ghazalein, mashmoola Dastak. Hameeda Shaheen, Dastak, P:39 Ibid P: 34 Ibid P: 35 Nasir Abbas Nayyer, Deebacha, Dasht-e-Wajood, Lahore: Multi media affairs, 2006,P: 16 Ibid P: 18 Hameeda Shaheen, Zinda Hoon, Lahore: Ali Printers, 2010 Ibid P: 171 Sattiya Paal Anand, Harf-e-chand, mashmoola, Zinda Hoon az Hameeda Shaheen, P: 13 Ibid P:17 Hameeda Shaheen, Zinda Hoon, P: 156 Ibid P. 133 Sattiya Paal Anand, Harf-e-Chand, Mashmoola Zinda Hoon. P:16 Aftab Iqbal Shamim. Maani ki bazyaft ka khwab mashmoola Zinda Hoon az Hameeda Shaheen. P: 22 Hameeda Shaheen, Zinda Hoon, P:166 Sattiya Paal Anand, Harf-e-Chand, mashmoola Zinda Hoon az Hameeda Shaheen, P:14 Hameeda Shaheen, Zinda Hoon, P:96 &nbsp

Qurbat-e-Marg Mein Mohabbat: A Psychological and Intellectual Study of the Female Characters in Mustansar Hussain Tarar’s Novel: قربتِ مرگ میں محبت: مستنصر حسین تارڑ کے نسوانی کرداروں کا نفسیاتی و فکری مطالعہ

Mustansar Hussain Tarar is a renowned and distinguished novelist in Urdu literature, widely acclaimed for his exceptional character development. While his novels feature compelling male protagonists, his portrayal of female characters is equally profound and nuanced. This article specifically focuses on the female characters in his novel Qurbat-e-Marg Mein Mohabbat. The women in this novel do not merely exist in relation to male characters; rather, they emerge as central figures in their own right. Their love is not rooted in physical desire but is characterized by emotional depth, mutual understanding, and a natural, unforced connection. At times, these women even seem to exert influence over their male counterparts. These portrayals reflect Tarar’s intellectual maturity and his deep insight into feminine psychology. References Mustansar Hussain Tarar, Majmua Mustansar Hussain Tarar (Bahaao, Raakh, Qurbat-e-Marg Mein Mohabbat), Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2008, p. 718 Ibid., p. 746 Ibid., p. 801 Ibid., p. 886 Ibid., p. 685 Mustansar Hussain Tarar, Interview conducted in Lahore, dated June 6, 2025 Mustansar Hussain Tarar, Majmua Mustansar Hussain Tarar (Bahaao, Raakh, Qurbat-e-Marg Mein Mohabbat), p. 755 Ibid., p. 937 Ibid., p. 91

Hijab Imtiaz Ali’s Letters: An Example of Non-Fictional Prose: حجاب امتیاز علی کے مکتوبات، غیر افسانوی نثر کی ایک مثال

Hijab Imtiaz Ali is a well-known figure in Urdu literature's fiction genre. Her most well-known works are novels and short stories, but her non-fiction writing, which includes essays, travelogues, letters, diaries, and beautiful prose, is equally captivating. Only a segment of this collection was published in 2006 under the title "Hijab Kitaab" from Lahore city; her letters have not yet been collected into a book. Her character and the period are accurately reflected in these letters. Letters typically reflect a person's private life and experiences. These letters give us a glimpse into the writers' social relationships as well as her society and the times she lived in. These letters have a straightforward and aesthetically pleasing style. The spotlight she gives to her novels and short stories is absent from her letters. References Hijab Imtiaz Ali, Lail-o-Nihar, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2015, p: 36 Shadani, Andaleeb, Dr., Foreword to Makatib-e-Jameel, Lahore: Maktaba Jadeed, 1956, p: 14 Hashmi, Naseeruddin, included in Makatib-e-Jameel, Lahore: Maktaba Jadeed, 1956, pp: 20–21 Hijab Imtiaz Ali, Tasveer-e-Butan, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2011, p:159 Tahir, Naeem, Meeting with the Author, Lahore: Model Town, December 25, 2021 Hijab Imtiaz Ali, Lail-o-Nihar, p: 37 Ibid., p: 49 Hijab Imtiaz Ali, Hijab Kitab, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2006, p: 346 Ibid., p; 347 Ibid., p: 350 Ibid., p: 355 Ibid., p: 349 Ibid., p: 365 Ibid., p: 343 Ibid., p: 346 Ibid., p: 352 Ibid., p: 35

The manifestation of Pakistaniat in the poetry of Military Literature: عسکری اہلِ قلم کی شاعری میں پاکستانیت کااظہاریہ

What is meant by nation? What is Pakistaniat? Is it mandatory for us to have this passion? Is there any cultural situation of the region? If yes, what is ours? Such questions have been raised in this article. The relationship between literature and patriotism is part of the Article. How poets have expressed their connection and love for their land and how their lives and literature have become inseparable from each other are the points mentioned in this research article. Also, sample poems of Pakistani military poets are also listed. References: In 1982, when I was in Saudi Arabia, communication took place through a translator. Later, upon my retirement, I made a solemn vow that I would neither speak English nor wear any attire other than the traditional shalwar kameez. The sole purpose behind this decision was that if I identify myself as a Pakistani and claim to uphold Pakistani values, then at the very least, my language and clothing should visibly reflect that identity. Shakir Kundan (Ed.), Kulliyat Afzal Tahseen, Vol. I, Sargodha: Aqeedat Publications, 2024, p. 262. Saleem Taqi Shah, Editing the Poetry of Jafar Tahir, PhD Dissertation, April 2019, Property of: Government College University, Faisalabad, p. 526. Syed Zamir Jafri, Qarya-e-Jaan, Rawalpindi: Apna Idara, Sir Syed Colony, 1988, p. 65. Akhtar Kayani, Tazabzub-e-Akhtar, Lahore: Maktaba Jadeed Press, 1984, p. 4. Feroz Natiq Khosrow, Aankh Ki Putli Mein Zinda Aks, Karachi: Jahan-e-Hamd Publications, Urdu Bazaar, 2017, p. 24. Zehra Nigah and Suraiya Maqsood, Jang Tarang, Karachi: Idara Matboo‘at-e-Pakistan, 1967, p. 408. Shakir Kundan, Kulliyat Afzal Tahseen, ibid., p. 219. Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Dast-e-Saba, Aligarh: Educational Book House, 1928, pp. 58–60. Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, Tameer-e-Millat, New Delhi: Maktaba Al-Risala, 3rd Edition, 1996, pp. 3–4