Transistor Circuits

Contains a report on a research project

The penetration of plasma clouds across magnetic boundaries : the role of high frequency oscillations

Experiments are reported where a collisionfree plasma cloud penetrates a magnetic barrier by self-polarization. We here focus on the resulting anomalous magnetic field diffusion into the plasma cloud, two orders of magnitude faster than classical, which is one important aspect of the plasma cloud penetration mechanism. Without such fast magnetic diffusion, clouds with kinetic beta below unity would not be able to penetrate magnetic barriers at all. Tailor-made diagnostics has been used for measurements in the parameter range with the kinetic beta ? 0.5 to 10, and with normalized width w/r(gi) of the order of unity. Experimental data on hf fluctuations in density and in electric field has been combined to yield the effective anomalous transverse resistivity eta(EFF). It is concluded that they are both dominated by highly nonlinear oscillations in the lower hybrid range, driven by a strong diamagnetic current loop that is set up in the plasma in the penetration process. The anomalous magnetic diffusion rate, calculated from the resistivity eta(EFF), is consistent with single-shot multi-probe array measurements of the diamagnetic cavity and the associated quasi-dc electric structure. An interpretation of the instability measurements in terms of the resistive term in the generalized (low frequency) Ohm's law is given.Comment: 12th International Congress on Plasma Physics, 25-29 October 2004, Nice (France

Conditions for plasmoid penetration across magnetic barriers

The penetration of plasma clouds, or plasmoids, across abrupt magnetic barriers (of the scale less than a few ion gyro radii, using the plasmoid directed velocity) is studied. The insight gained earlier, from experimental and computer simulation investigations of a case study, is generalised into other parameter regimes. It is concluded for what parameters a plasmoid should be expected to penetrate the magnetic barrier through self-polarization, penetrate through magnetic expulsion, or be rejected from the barrier. The scaling parameters are n(e), v(0), B(perp), m(i), T(i), and the width w of the plasmoid. The scaling is based on a model for strongly driven, nonlinear magnetic field diffusion into a plasma, which is a generalization of the laboratory findings. The results are applied to experiments earlier reported in the literature, and also to the proposed application of impulsive penetration of plasmoids from the solar wind into the Earth's magnetosphere.Comment: 12th International Congress on Plasma Physics, 25-29 October 2004, Nice (France

‘When I get better I will do the test’: Facilitators and barriers to HIV testing in Northwest Region of Cameroon with implications for TB and HIV/AIDS control programmes

The World Health Organization has recommended collaborative activities between TB and HIV programmes with routine counselling and testing for HIV among TB patients in order to improve the uptake of HIV services. We carried out qualitative research interviews with 21 TB patients in four selected TB and HIV/AIDS treatment centres in the Northwest Region of Cameroon to explore the facilitators and barriers to HIV testing. The desire to be healthy and live longer from knowing one’s status inspired by the anticipated support from loved ones, faith in a supreme being, influence and trust in the medical authority, encouraged HIV testing. Men also demonstrated their masculinity by testing, thus portraying themselves as positive role models for other men. Meanwhile, the overwhelming burden of facing both TB and HIV  simultaneously, influenced by the fear of disclosure of results, harmful gender norms and practices, fear of stigma and discrimination, and misconceptions surrounding HIV/AIDS deterred HIV testing. However, as a result of conflicting emotional experiences regarding to test or not to test, the decision-making process was not straightforward and this complex process needs to be acknowledged by health care providers when advocating for routine HIV testing among TB patients

Itseohjautuvuus kirjastotyössä:tapaustutkimus Keskustakirjasto Oodista

Tiivistelmä. Tämän pro gradu -tutkielmani tarkoituksena oli selvittää itseohjautuvuuden näkymistä henkilökunnalle, asiakkaille, tiimien ominaisuuksia Oodi-kirjastossa sekä tiimityön merkitystä työntekijöiden ja asiakkaiden kannalta. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin Oodi-kirjaston henkilökunnalle tehtynä verkkokyselynä. Tutkimusmenetelmänä oli laadullinen tutkimus ja analysointi tapahtui sisällönanalyyttisesti, osin aineistölähtöisesti, osin teoreettisesti. Analyysissa hyödynnettiin Decin ja Ryanin kehittämää itseohjautuvuusteoriaa. Tulokset osoittavat, että itseohjautuvuus tukee asiakaspalvelua, koska omaan alaansa erikoistunut työntekijä pystyy auttamaan suoraan asiakasta. Toisaalta asiakaspalvelun ei katsota parantuneen, koska Oodi-kirjastossa on alusta alkaen työskennelty itseohjautuvasti. Tiimityö näkyy kirjastotyössä lisääntyneenä työviihtyvyytenä ja sen koetaan lisäävän vapautta, mutta toisaalta tuovan vastuuta. Tiimityö koettiin joustavaksi, tehokkaaksi, motivoivaksi, sujuvaksi, helpoksi, tutuksi ja turvalliseksi. Tiimi saa pitkälti päättää omista työtehtävistään ja työnjaostaan. Kielteisenä asiana koetaan tiimien klikkiytyminen ja eriytyminen. Tiimityön oltua käytössä puolitoista vuotta sisäisen työnjaon katsotaan selkiytyneen. Oma osaaminen on tullut näkyväksi, joten sitä voidaan hyödyntää paremmin. Uupuminen ja liiallinen kuormitus katsottiin vaaratekijöiksi, koska jotkut ottavat liikaa työtehtäviä hoitaakseen. Tärkeää olisi tasainen työnjako. Tiimityötä voidaan kehittää keskusteluilla ja kokoontumisilla. Lisäksi kaikkien työntekijöiden vahvuudet tulisi ottaa esille ja pyrkiä niitä hyödyntämään. Asiakkaille tiimityö näkyy yhteisenä päämääränä ja kaikilla tiimiläisillä on vastuu tiimin omasta työstä. Tulokset tukevat aiempaa tutkimusta itseohjautuvuudesta ja tiimityöstä. Päätelmänä todetaan, että itseohjautuvuus ja tiimityö limittyvät kiinteästi toisiinsa ja niiden katsotaan olevan tulevaisuuden työelämässä yhä tärkeämpiä. Itseohjautuvuutta, motivaatiota, tiimityötä ja johtajuutta tulisi tutkia lisää kirjastoalalla, koska julkishallinnon perinteiset johtamismenetelmät kaipaavat muuttuvassa yhteiskunnassa päivittämistä ja siirtymistä kohti itseohjautuvampaa työkulttuuria

Transistor and Diode Studies

Contains reports on four research projects.Lincoln Laboratory (Purchase Order DDL-B187)United States Department of the ArmyUnited States Department of the NavyUnited States Department of the Air Force (Contract AF19(122)-458

Attention deficit hyperactivity and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in adolescence and risk of substance use disorders - a general population-based birth cohort study

BACKGROUND: Externalizing symptoms are associated with risk of future substance use disorder (SUD). Few longitudinal studies exist using general population-based samples which assess the spectrum of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms. AIMS/OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the associations between adolescent ADHD symptoms and subsequent SUD and additionally examine whether the risk of SUD is influenced by comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms. METHODS: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 was linked to nationwide health care register data for incident SUD diagnoses until age 33 years (n = 6278, 49.5% male). ADHD/ODD-case status at age 16 years was defined using parent-rated ADHD indicated by Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD symptoms and Normal Behaviors (SWAN) questionnaire with 95% percentile cut-off. To assess the impact of ODD comorbidity on SUD risk, participants were categorized into four groups based on their ADHD/ODD case status. Cox-regression analysis with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to study associations between adolescent ADHD/ODD case statuses and subsequent SUD. RESULTS: In all, 552 participants (8.8%) presented with ADHD case status at the age of 16 years, and 154/6278 (2.5%) were diagnosed with SUD during the follow-up. ADHD case status was associated with SUD during the follow-up (HR = 3.84, 95% CI 2.69-5.50). After adjustments for sex, family structure, and parental psychiatric disorder and early substance use the association with ADHD case status and SUD remained statistically significant (HR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.70-3.98). The risk of SUD remained elevated in individuals with ADHD case status irrespective of ODD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD in adolescence was associated with incident SUD in those with and without symptoms of ODD. The association of ADHD and SUD persisted even after adjustment for a wide range of potential confounds. This emphasizes the need to identify preventative strategies for adolescents with ADHD so as to improve health outcomes

A Two Compartment Pharmacokinetic Model Describes the Intra‐articular Delivery and Retention of rhPRG4 Following ACL Transection in the Yucatan Mini Pig

Treatment of the injured joint with rhPRG4 is based on recent observations that inflammation diminishes expression of native PRG4. Re‐establishing lubrication between pressurized and sliding cartilage surfaces during locomotion promotes the nascent expression of PRG4 and thus intra‐articular (IA) treatment strategies should be supported by pharmacokinetic evidence establishing the residence time of rhPRG4. A total of 21 Yucatan minipigs weighing ∼55 Kg each received 4 mg of 131I‐rhPRG4 delivered by IA injection 5 days following surgical ACL transection. Animals were sequentially euthanized following IA rhPRG4 at 10 mins (time zero), 24, 72 hrs, 6, 13 and 20 days later. The decay of the 131I‐rhPRG4 was measured relative to a non‐injected aliquot and normalized to the weight of cartilage samples, menisci and synovium, and known cartilage volumes from each compartment surface obtained from representative Yucatan minipig knees. Decay of 131I‐rhPRG4 from joint tissues best fit a two‐compartment model with an α half‐life (t1/2α) of 11.28 hours and β half‐life (t1/2β) of 4.81 days. The tibial and femoral cartilage, meniscii and synovium retained 7.7% of dose at 24 hrs. High concentrations of rhPRG4 were found in synovial fluid (SF) that was non‐aspiratable and resided on the articular surfaces, removable by irrigation, at 10 mins following 131I‐rhPRG4 injection. Synovial fluid K21 exceeded K12 and SF t1/2β was 28 days indicating SF is the reservoir for rhPRG4 following IA injection. Clinical Significance: rhPRG4 following IA delivery in a traumatized joint populates articular surfaces for a considerable period and may promote the native expression of PRG4

Немецкий язык

НЕМЕЦКИЙ ЯЗЫКУЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПОСОБИЯУчебно-методическое пособие включает текстовый материал по формированию и совершенствованию навыков и умений монологической и диалогической речи по устным темам, а также аутентичные тексты для формирования навыков и умений чтения и понимания оригинальной литературы по специальности "стоматология"