Phenotypical Effects of Chronic Exposure of Escherichia Coli to Simulated Microgravity

Organismal adaptation to space conditions, increased background radiation and microgravity, present multiple questions as we plan longer stays in space. Just like other areas of research, we can use bacteria such as Escherichia coli to study adaptations to the chronic, or long-term, exposure to microgravity. Using this model, we kept exponentially growing cultures for up to 24 days under simulated gravity on a 2D clinostat, including a gravity control, aiming to study phenotypic and gene expression changes to characterize E. coli’s homeostatic control. For this purpose, we grew E. coli on nutrient broth with daily re-inoculation and measure the daily accumulation of cells using spectrophotometry and plate counts. Every 5 days we sampled cells for long-term storage in 25% glycerol -80℃. After the completion of the experiment, frozen cultures were re-streaked and tested for their ability to form biofilms, to grow at pH 4.5 and to survive an oxidative stress challenge. Understanding how E. coli responds to various stressors after growing under microgravity can provide future grounds for studying other metabolic processes such as an increase in antibiotic resistance

Analysis of Sliding-mode controlled impedance matching circuits for inductive harvesting devices

A sea-wave energy harvesting, articulated device is presented in this work. This hand-made, wooden device is made combining the coil windings of an array of three single transducers. Taking advantage of the sea waves sway, a linear oscillating motion is produced in each transducer generating an electric pulse. Magnetic fundamentals are used to deduce the electrical model of a single transducer, a solenoid-magnet device, and after the model of the whole harvesting array. The energy obtained is stored in a battery and is used to supply a stand-alone system pay-load, for instance a telecom relay or weather station. To maximize the harvested energy, an impedance matching circuit between the generator array and the system battery is required. Two dc-to-dc converters, a buck-boost hybrid cell and a Sepic converter are proposed as impedance adaptors. To achieve this purpose, sliding mode control laws are introduced to impose a loss free resistor behavior to the converters. Although some converters operating at discontinuous conduction mode, like the buck-boost converter, can exhibit also this loss free resistor behavior, they usually require a small input voltage variation range. By means of sliding mode control the loss free resistor behavior can be assured for any range of input voltage variation. After the theoretical analysis, several simulation and experimental results to compare both converters performance are given

Prefrontal Interneurons: Populations, Pathways, and Plasticity Supporting Typical and Disordered Cognition in Rodent Models

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) inhibitory microcircuits regulate the gain and timing of pyramidal neuron firing, coordinate neural ensemble interactions, and gate local and long-range neural communication to support adaptive cognition and contextually tuned behavior. Accordingly, perturbations of PFC inhibitory microcircuits are thought to underlie dysregulated cognition and behavior in numerous psychiatric diseases and relevant animal models. This review, based on a Mini-Symposium presented at the 2022 Society for Neuroscience Meeting, highlights recent studies providing novel insights into: (1) discrete medial PFC (mPFC) interneuron populations in the mouse brain; (2) mPFC interneuron connections with, and regulation of, long-range mPFC afferents; and (3) circuit-specific plasticity of mPFC interneurons. The contributions of such populations, pathways, and plasticity to rodent cognition are discussed in the context of stress, reward, motivational conflict, and genetic mutations relevant to psychiatric disease

La violencia ocupa un lugar en el trabajo

Silenciosa y progresivamente la violencia sicológica puede ocupar su puesto de trabajo sin que siquiera la haya notado. Estudios recientes muestran que, como resultado de las transformaciones globales del mundo del trabajo en términos de productividad, se están incrementando ese tipo de fenómenos. Juan Alberto Castillo Martínez, PhD e investigador del Grupo de Investigación Salud, Cognición y Trabajo de la Facultad de Rehabilitación y Desarrollo Humano de la Universidad del Rosario, explicó que esos estudios evidencian que la línea que define la noción de “violencia en el trabajo” es bastante difusa y depende de un sinnúmero de factores, tales como la cultura local, la organizacional y la apreciación colectiva de ciertos comportamientos. ¿Qué significa, entonces, un acto violento de trabajo en el marco de los sistemas de producción colombiano? Pensar el significado del acto violento en una cultura marcada por varias generaciones de trabajadores expuestos a violencias de diverso orden (social, cultural, familiar, política) hace difícil identificar, controlar y manejar el fenómeno. En el estudio desarrollado por el Grupo de Investigación GiSCYT sobre ”Los Riesgos Sicológicos y Sociales en el Trabajo”, 2006-2007, los investigadores advierten también a cerca de la necesidad de reflexionar sobre la tolerancia a la violencia, y tener en cuenta que la definición de violencia varía ampliamente en función de la época y el momento histórico en que los actos violentos se producen. En el ámbito familiar, por ejemplo, se consideraba en el pasado que ejercer la autoridad de los padres o de los maestros pasaba por la agresión física directa a los niños. Hoy en día, la sociedad considera ésto como una expresión de brutalidad. En el campo del trabajo, las formas diversas de violencia han sido objeto de controversia legal, política y de expertos en ciencias de la salud, a tal punto que hoy el reconocimiento e identificación de dichos actos en el mundo laboral es difícil y, a veces, imposible. Recientemente en Colombia y en diversos países del mundo, se han desarrollado normas que tratan de limitar la producción de fenómenos que involucran el ejercicio del poder sobre otros (estrés, acoso, presión). Sin embargo, hacer evidente la génesis y el desarrollo de estos fenómenos tiene un alto costo social y organizacional

Obtaining protoanemonin through selective oxidation of Dfructose and 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural in a self-catalysed reaction

Although different ways of converting 5- (hydroxymethyl)furfural (1) to various substrates with high value have been sought, few transformations have obtained building blocks that can be very useful in the area of fine chemistry. Herein, we report the synthesis of protoanemonin (5-methylenefuran-2(5H)- one) from D-fructose via compound (1), a versatile γalkylidenebutenolide, using an efficient self-catalysed process with formic acid, with high reaction performance and selectivity (up to 94% yield and 98% conversion from (1), while 28% yield from Dfructose). This efficient and simple operational process involved a two-phase aqueous-organic system between chlorinated solvents (CHxCly) and hydrogen peroxide as the initial oxidizing agent. The reaction presents a key cleavage in the 5-hydroxymethyl moiety of (1), due to the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (BVO) process that generates formic acid in situ. Ultimately, DFF and HMF were successfully obtained in 80% and 98% yield, respectively, starting from D-fructose and using Preyssler heteropolyacids as Brønsted acid catalysts under an atmosphere of oxygen in the absence of hydrogen peroxide.Fil: Martínez, José J.. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Páez, Luis A.. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Gutiérrez, Luisa F.. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Pardo Cuervo, Oscar H.. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Rojas, Hugo A.. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Romanelli, Gustavo Pablo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de la Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas "Dr. Jorge J. Ronco". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Portilla, Jaime. Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia; ColombiaFil: Castillo, Juan Carlos. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; Colombia. Universidad de los Andes; ColombiaFil: Gamboa Becerra, Diana Paola. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia; Colombi

Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus: findings from a universal screening feasibility program in Lima, Peru.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a global public health concern with potential implications for the health of a mother and her offspring. However, data on the prevalence and risk factors of GDM in Latin America are scarce. The study was designed to estimate the prevalence of GDM and identify maternal risk factors among Peruvian women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1300 pregnant women attending a prenatal clinic in Lima, Peru. GDM was diagnosed using an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) performed between 24 and 28 gestational weeks using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria. Depression status was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors of GDM. RESULTS: Approximately 16% of pregnant women were diagnosed with GDM. The prevalence of obesity and depression were 24.4 and 10.6%, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, mid-pregnancy obesity was associated with a 1.64-fold increased odds of GDM (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.03-2.61). Participants with a family history of diabetes had a 1.5-fold increased odds of developing GDM (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.10-2.07) as compared to women without this family history. Depression was associated with a 1.54-fold increased odds of GDM (OR: 1.54; 95% CI:1.09-2.17). CONCLUSIONS: GDM is highly prevalent and was associated with maternal obesity, family history of diabetes and antepartum depression among Peruvian women. Intervention programs aimed at early diagnoses and management of GDM need to take maternal obesity, family history of diabetes and antepartum depression into account

Microbiological, pathological and microelement analyses in vicuñas affected with "dandruff"

Se describen 75 estudios histopatológicos en biopsias de piel (33 afectados y 42 no afectados con “caspa”), 85 análisis microbiológicos en raspados de piel (44 afectados y 41 no afectados) y 70 determinaciones séricas de zinc, selenio, cobre y molibdeno (41 afectados y 29 no afectados) de tres poblaciones de vicuñas silvestres capturadas en “Chakus” en el 2009 en las comunidades campesinas de Huaytará, Ayaví, Santa Rosa de Tambo y en una población captiva multicomunal, en Huancavelica. Los animales afectados no tenían alteraciones clínicas, pero los vellones a la postesquila presentaron escamas blanquecinas dispersas o acumuladas y fuertemente adheridas, usualmente, al dorso lateral y algunas veces por todo el vellón. Todas las muestras de piel, con mayor severidad en las afectadas, mostraron moderada hiperqueratosis ortoqueratótica laminar asociada con dermatosis inespecífica, moderada-severa dilatación de folículos pilosos y moderada-severa atrofia de vaina interna de la raíz folicular pero con ausencia de agentes patógenos e inflamación. El 63.3% (28/44) de raspados de pieles afectadas y el 41.5% (17/ 41) de las no afectadas contenían especies saprofíticas de Ulocladium spp., Penicillum spp., Hialofomicetos, Geotrichum candidum y Aspergilus flavus. Los niveles sanguíneos, en las 70 muestras (afectados y no afectados) presentaron 10 veces la concentración esperada para selenio, principalmente en vicuñas captivas en el área multicomunal (afectados 3.23 ± 1.31 μg/mL y no afectados 3.56 ± 2.27 μg/mL), posiblemente debido al sobrepastoreo de los pastizales con presencia de especies seleníferas de Astragalus spp. (“garbanzo” o “garbancillo”). Todos los animales mostraron deficiencia de cobre y los animales afectados de Huaytará y todos los de Santa Rosa de Tambo presentaron deficiencia de zinc.In recent years important economic losses have resulted from what is described as “dandruff” in vicuña fiber. With the goal of analyzing the possible cause/s was conducted an histopathological analysis of 75 skin biopsies (33 affected/42 unaffected), microbiological analysis of 85 skin/fiber scrapings (44 affected/41 unaffected), and microelement analysis (zinc, selenium, copper, molybdenum) of 70 serum samples (41 affected/ 29 unaffected), collected from three wild populations in the communities of Huaytará, Ayaví and Santa Rosa de Tambo, Huancavelica, Peru, as well as from the captive herd held jointly by these communities. The affected vicuñas were clinically normal and the presence of “dandruff” was generally detected after shearing. In these fleeces, white scales scattered or accumulated and firmly adhered to the fibers were found, especially on the flanks and backs of the animals, but also widely dispersed throughout the fleece. Histopathological analysis of the skin biopsies revealed that both affected and unaffected animals had moderate to severe dermatosis (hyperkeratosis – orthokeratosis), with moderate to severe atrophy of the inner root sheath of the follicle, but without evidence of inflammation. Microbiological analysis determined the presence of fungus species in 63.3% (28/44) of the affected and 41.5% (17/41) of unaffected animals, including Ulocladium spp., Penicillum spp., Hialofomicetos, Geotrichum candidum and Aspergilus flavus. Microelement analysis revealed 10 fold selenium concentration as compared to normal values, especially in the captive population (affected: 3.23 ± 1.31 μg/ mL; unaffected: 3.56 ± 2.27 μg/mL) possibly due to overgrazing of pastures with presence of Astragalus spp., a common seleniferous plant in the region. All animals showed cooper deficiency. Also, all animals from Santa Rosa de Tambo and affected animals from Huaytará were zinc deficient

The epidermal growth factor receptor ligand amphiregulin participates in the development of mouse liver fibrosis

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CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITISM IN THE GUANACO (LAMA GUANICOE CACSILENSIS)

El propósito del presente estudio fue identificar las especies de parásitosgastrointestinales que afectan al guanaco peruano y determinar los niveles de parasitismode las poblaciones evaluadas. Se obtuvieron 132 muestras de heces frescas deguanacos silvestres pertenecientes a nueve poblaciones ubicadas en seis departamentosdel Perú: Comunidad Campesina de Huallhua (Ayacucho), Reserva Nacional de Calipuy(La Libertad), Comunidad Campesina de Chavín (Ica), Reserva Nacional Salinas y AguadaBlanca y distritos de Machaguay y Yarabamba (Arequipa), distrito de Quilahuani yComunidad Campesina de Vila Vilani (Tacna), y distrito de La Capilla (Moquegua). Lasmuestras fueron procesadas mediante técnicas coproparasitológicas de flotación, sedimentación,cultivo de larvas, Baerman y biometría de larvas y ooquistes. Se identificaronocho especies de nematodos: Graphinema aucheniae, Bunostomun sp., Ostertagia sp.,Trichuris sp, Cooperia sp., Nematodirus sp., Mazamastrongylus peruvianus yTrichostrongylus sp. y cuatro especies de Eimeria: E. lamae, E. alpacae, E. punoensis yE. macusaniensis. Todas las poblaciones se encontraban con al menos un guanacoparasitado, presentando en general cargas bajas y variando las frecuencias de parasitismogastrointestinal de una población a otra, dependiendo del hábitat y de la proximidada herbívoros domésticos.The aim of this study was to identify the species of gastrointestinal parasites affecting the Peruvian guanaco and to determine the levels of parasitism in the populations under evaluation. For this purpose, 132 fresh faecal samples were collected from nine populations of wild guanacos located in six departments of Peru: Huallhua Community in Ayacucho; Calipuy National Reserve in La Libertad; Chavín community in Ica; Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reserve, and Machaguay and Yarabamba districts in Arequipa, Quilahuani district and Vila Vilani community in Tacna, and La Capilla district in Moquegua. Samples were processed by the coproparasitological techniques of flotation, sedimentation, larvae culture, and Baerman, and biometry of larvae and oocysts. Eight species of nematodes were identified: Graphinema aucheniae, Bunostomun spp., Ostertagia spp., Trichuris spp., Cooperia spp., Nematodirus spp., Mazamastrongylus peruvianus and Trichostrongylus spp., and four Eimeria species: E. lamae, E. alpacae, E. punoensis and E. macusaniensis. All guanaco populations had at least one animal with parasites, showing low parasite burden in general, and with a variation in the frequency of gastrointestinal parasitism from one population to another, depending on the habitat and the proximity to other domestic herbivores

Variations of training load, monotony, and strain and dose-response relationships with maximal aerobic speed, maximal oxygen uptake, and isokinetic strength in professional soccer players

This study aimed to identify variations in weekly training load, training monotony, and training strain across a 10-week period (during both, pre- and in-season phases); and to analyze the dose-response relationships between training markers and maximal aerobic speed (MAS), maximal oxygen uptake, and isokinetic strength. Twenty-seven professional soccer players (24.9±3.5 years old) were monitored across the 10-week period using global positioning system units. Players were also tested for maximal aerobic speed, maximal oxygen uptake, and isokinetic strength before and after 10 weeks of training. Large positive correlations were found between sum of training load and extension peak torque in the right lower limb (r = 0.57, 90%CI[0.15;0.82]) and the ratio agonist/antagonist in the right lower limb (r = 0.51, [0.06;0.78]). It was observed that loading measures fluctuated across the period of the study and that the load was meaningfully associated with changes in the fitness status of players. However, those magnitudes of correlations were small-to-large, suggesting that variations in fitness level cannot be exclusively explained by the accumulated load and loading profile