Does Mandarin dou ever have rightward associates?

The Mandarin quantificational adverb dou 都 is well-known for its versatility: it occurs in a wide variety of constructions, and has a wide range of s emantic and pragmatic contributions to the meaning of the clause it occurs in, ranging from un iversal quantification, through even- type focusing, to clearly pragmatic-attitudinal functions. This pa per targets a relatively narrow segment of this wid e spectrum: those use of dou where (i) it is used with universal quantification al force, and/but (ii) the linguistic expression often associated with its qua ntification domain in the literature appears to its right in the clause, as opposed to the much more usual s cenario of its associate taking a position to its left . It is shown that the alleged associates to its ri ght are in fact not its true associates syntactically, at least not in the manner that its leftward associates are: (i) the ’personal pronoun’ construction in fact complies with the LC, making u se of covert elements; (ii) in the ’kind-denoting N P’ construction the associate of dou , providing it with a variable to bind, is the VP, rather than the kind- denoting NP; (iii) in the ’wh-pronoun’ construction dou is an adverb functioning as a discourse particle, it takes no associate, binds no variable, but modifies the meaning of the question by adding two congruency requirements (plurality, exhaustivit y). Some remaining questions are addressed in a very tentative manner in an Appendix

Структура просторової репрезентації текстів малої прози Германа Гессе

Стаття присвячена дослідженню структури просторової організації текстів оповідань та казок видатного німецького письменника Германа Гессе. Авторкою було визначено поняття просторової структури тексту, її властивості та основні характеристики. Критерієм виділення просторових областей просторової структури тексту є спосіб концептуалізації простору та просторових відношень письменником текстів, що аналізувалися. (The article investigates the spatial structure organisation of the short stories and tales by Hermann Hesse. The author defined the concept of the spatial structure of the text, its properties and main characteristics. The criterion for the selection of spatial domains of the spatial structure of the text is a way of conceptualizing the space category and spatial relations by the writer of the analyzed literary texts.

A Teremtés könyve kompozíció-, szerkesztés- és hagyománytörténeti elemzése = Analysis of the Book of Genesis from the point of view of History of Composition, Construction and Tradition

1. A Teremtés könyve a Pentateuchus-hagyomány része, összefügg vele a könyv keletkezés-története, szerkezeti és teológiai sajátossága. A Teremtés (Genesis) könyvének magyarázatánál a pátriárkák történetének kifejtése a szöveg kánoni formája, szerkezete és sajátosságai alapján történt. Cél volt a végső forma bemutatása, mert ebben szólal meg mindaz, amit Izrael a pátriárkákról a Pentateuchus egészébe helyezve közölni akar, figyelembe véve a diakronikus dimenzióit is. A Pentateuchus kánoni formája a nem-papi szövegek (Jahvista), és a papi szövegek (Papi írás) összedolgozásaként jött létre, az ún. nagyredakció révén, ami új jelentést és új irodalmi egységet eredményezett. 2. A Ter 1-11-ben a J és a P egymás mellé helyezése új egyensúlyt teremtett: a két forrás megőrizte karakterét és üzenetét, de önálló jelentéstartalommal. Ezért beszélhetünk az őstörténet egészének teológiai jelentéséről. A kánoni forma átlépi az eredeti hagyományegységek határait, és folyamatos történetet épít ki, amelyben a teológiai szándék és az irodalmi szerkesztés erősen érvényesül. 3. Elemeztem a pátriárkai hagyomány irodalmi műfaját és történetiségét, valamint a pátriárkák vallását. A Ter 12-50 fejezetek a történelembe ágyazottak és nem fantázia termékei, Izrael nem a mítosz világba vetítette ki, hanem a történelemhez kapcsolta őseinek történetét. Az eredmények más publikációk mellett kétkötetes kommentárban jelentkeznek, meghatározva a szöveg magyarázatát és teológiai értelmezését. | 1. Interpeting Genesis the history of the Patriachs has been analyzed on the base of to the final canonized form of the text, taking into consideration the structure and characteristic features of it. The research was primarily aimed to entirely present the text's final form with viewing its dyachronic dimensions as well since it involves Israel's experience about the Patriarchs in the framework of the Pentateuch. 2. In Gen 1-11 a new balance has occurred as a result of arranging J and P next to each other: the two sources prevailed its own characteristic features and message but with an independent meaning. This is the reason why the primeval history as a whole has its own theological sense. The text's canonized form through extending the original units of the tradition, composes a continuous narrative expressively displaying the theological intention and the principles of literary construction. 3. I put into a thorough analysis the literary genre and the question of historicity of the patriarchal tradition, and the religion of the Patriarchs as well. The chapters of Gen 12-50 have been placed in a stream of history, it means that Israel described the story of its ancestors in its connection to the history, so the story of the Patriarchs cannot be considered as a product of phantasy, or constituting a kind of myth

Conditions on conditional mood

This paper argues that conditional mood morphology in Hungarian is the spellout of a morphosyntactic feature excl(w), the semantic interpretation of which is modal exclusion, i.e., counterfactuality. In certain cases (such as wishes, or CF conditionals) this feature is lexically specified on M[ood], with the direct interpretive aim of counterfactuality, while in others M has this feature unvalued, and inherits its value from the category Mod[ality] in a standard AGREE relation. The strong interrelation between M and Mod also manifests in scope phenomena earlier analysed as scope inversion between Mod and T[ense], but can now be accounted for in a more principled way. Finally, it is shown that, unlike what is found in many other languages, Hungarian cannot use tense marking as the exponent of excl(w), because its "tense" is relative, rather than deictic. Therefore, this language makes use of mood morphology to encode CF, in the particular form of conditional mood

Book reviews

Eugen Helimski-Anna Wildmer (eds): Wŭśa wŭśa - Sei gegrüβt! Beiträge zur Finnugoristik zu Ehren von Gert Sauer dargebracht zu seinem siebzigsten Gebursttag. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altica, Band 57 Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2002, 385 pp. Uli Lutz-Geron Müller-Arnim von Stechow (eds): Wh-Scope Marking, (Linguistik Aktuell/ Linguistics Today, vol. 37.) John Benjamins. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, 2000, Vi+483 pp

The Orientation of the Reconnection X-line

We propose a criterion for identifying the orientation of the X-line when two regions of plasma with arbitrary densities, temperatures, and magnetic fields undergo reconnection. The X-line points in the direction that maximizes the (suitably-defined) Alfv\'en speed characterizing the reconnection outflow. For many situations a good approximation is that the X-line bisects the angle formed by the magnetic fields

Ageing as a price of cooperation and complexity: Self-organization of complex systems causes the ageing of constituent networks

The analysis of network topology and dynamics is increasingly used for the description of the structure, function and evolution of complex systems. Here we summarize key aspects of the evolvability and robustness of the hierarchical network-set of macromolecules, cells, organisms, and ecosystems. Listing the costs and benefits of cooperation as a necessary behaviour to build this network hierarchy, we outline the major hypothesis of the paper: the emergence of hierarchical complexity needs cooperation leading to the ageing of the constituent networks. Local cooperation in a stable environment may lead to over-optimization developing an ‘always-old’ network, which ages slowly, and dies in an apoptosis-like process. Global cooperation by exploring a rapidly changing environment may cause an occasional over-perturbation exhausting system-resources, causing rapid degradation, ageing and death of an otherwise ‘forever-young’ network in a necrosis-like process. Giving a number of examples we explain how local and global cooperation can both evoke and help successful ageing. Finally, we show how various forms of cooperation and consequent ageing emerge as key elements in all major steps of evolution from the formation of protocells to the establishment of the globalized, modern human society. Thus, ageing emerges as a price of complexity, which is going hand-in-hand with cooperation enhancing each other in a successful community

Collisionless plasma expansion in the presence of a dipole magnetic field

The collisionless interaction of an expanding high-energy plasma cloud with a magnetized background plasma in the presence of a dipole magnetic field is examined in the framework of a 2D3V hybrid (kinetic ions and massless fluid electrons) model. The retardation of the plasma cloud and the dynamics of the perturbed electromagnetic fields and the background plasma are studied for high Alfven-Mach numbers using the particle-in-cell method. It is shown that the plasma cloud expands excluding the ambient magnetic field and the background plasma to form a diamagnetic cavity which is accompanied by the generation of a collisionless shock wave. The energy exchange between the plasma cloud and the background plasma is also studied and qualitative agreement with the analytical model suggested previously is obtained.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure