Wartime China’s Resistance against Japanese Aggression: Changing Interpretations and Perspectives

In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria and established the puppet state of Manchukuo in northeast China. Hoping to avoid an all-out war with Japan, China pursued a policy of appeasement and did not resist the occupation of China. Nonetheless, in 1937 the Japanese launched a massive attack against Beijing and the eastern coastal cities of China and continued its assault until World War II ended in August 1945. This period, known as the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, has seen many shifts in its historical narrative. After Japan surrendered, a full-fledged civil war broke out between the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Nationalist/Kuomintang (KMT). The 1949 victory of the CPC and subsequent Mao Zedong era (1949-1976) limited the Chinese memory of the war of against Japanese aggression. However, following the death of Mao, China began a “new remembering” of this war. Our research examines the changing interpretations and perspectives of wartime China in the Mao and post-Mao eras. In addition to academic literature on the subject, our paper draws upon our first-hand exploration of Chinese government-sponsored wartime museums and sites from our research trip to China in June, 2010. Our paper also evaluates the challenges that the Chinese government has encountered as it works to advance a comprehensive history that details the contributions of both the Nationalists and the Communists in the War against Japanese Aggression

Occurrence of Holotrichous Ciliated Protozoa Inhabiting the Rumen of Domestic Goat Capra Hircus (L.) Families Isotrichidae (Trichostomatida) and Buetschliidae (Prostomatida)

Rumen fluid samples of domestic goats (Capra hircus L.) were collected from slaughter houses of Kannad (Aurangabad M.S.) for the study of holotrichous ciliate protozoa.  As a result of the survey of 169 rumen fluid samples the 3 species of ciliates (Isotricha intestinalis, I. prostoma and Dasytricha ruminantum) from two genera, Family Isotrichidae and one species from the genus Buetschlia (Buetschlia parva) Family Buetschliidae were studied.  All these recognized ciliates were morphologically described and compared with their original descriptions and previous reports. The similarities and differences were discussed. The paper reveals that Isotricha intestinalis and Buetschlia parva are the first report in India from the rumen of goat.  

Real-Time Fatigue Analysis of Driver through Iris Recognition

In recent days, the driver’s fault accounted for about 77.5% of the total road accidents that are happening every day. There are several methods for the driver’s fatigue detection. These are based on the movement of the eye ball using eye blinking sensor, heart beat measurement using Electro Cardio Gram, mental status analysis using ElectroEncephaloGram, muscle cramping detection, etc. However the above said methods are more complicated and create inconvenience for the driver to drive the vehicle. Also, these methods are less accurate. In this work, an accurate method is adopted to detect the driver’s fatigue based on status of the eyes using Iris recognition and the results shows that the proposed method is more accurate (about 80%) compared to the existing methods such as Eye blink Sensor method

Masalah Tidur Dan Strategi Koping Pada Perawat Di Rawat Inap

Sleeping Disorder and Coping Strategy of Clinical Nurses. Sleeping disorder is common problem for adult, including nurses working shift in the ward. Adaptive coping is needed in handling sleeping disorder. This study aimed to identify sleeping disorder of clinical nurse who work in the ward and their coping strategy with that problem. The descriptive method applied to 106 clinical nurses who work at a hospital in Jakarta. A cluster proportional sampling applied to recruit the respondents. Modified Specialised Centres of Research Sleep Questionnaire used to measure sleeping disorder and a questionnaire that was developed by researcher measured nurses' coping to sleeping disorder. Results showed that nurses have problems covered insomnia (30.2%), sleep apnea (14.2%), restless legs syndrome (10.4%), and narcolepsy (10.4%). Nurses who had adaptive coping were 50.9%. An appropriate shift schedule, a proper arrangement of the schedule and a chosen adaptive coping may reduce prevalence of sleeping disorder among nurses

Rates of Water Loss and Absorption in Stick Insect Eggs

The thorny devil stick insect (Eurycantha calcarata) of New Guinea has eggs that take four months or more to develop—incredibly long for an insect. Long development times can be a challenge for eggs because of their finite resources, including nutrients, energy to support development, and water. I investigated the physiological mechanisms underlying long development times in stick insect eggs. The first experiment examined rates of water loss and survival of eggs held in different experimental humidities (0, 75, or 100% RH). Eggs dried quickly in the 0% humidity “dry” container; and more slowly in the 75% humidity “intermediate” container. The eggs did not dry out in the 100% “saturated” container and maintained their original mass throughout the experiment. While none of the dry treatment eggs hatched, one of the intermediate treatment eggs did, and nearly all of the saturated eggs hatched. To see if the eggs could reabsorb water, they were dried until they reached 90% of their original mass. Then they were transferred into a 100% humidity or wet cotton treatment. In both cases, the eggs gained some mass, but never returned to their original mass. These experiments show that the eggs require a high humidity to survive, and that they cannot absorb water from their environment. For these eggs, water is a finite resource. Finally, using flow-through respirometry, I measured metabolic rates of eggs during four months of development. Eggs were held in high humidity (100% RH) and their metabolic rates measured every 3 – 4 weeks. Metabolic rates were extraordinarily low early in development but increased near hatching. These data suggest that eggs delay much of their metabolism until late in development. I speculate that this delay in development is a way to keep the eggshell’s conductance to gases low, allowing the eggs to better conserve water