Quality control in the production of fruit juice

Zadnjih desetljeća kvaliteta je postala glavna značajka prehrambenih proizvoda na svjetskom tržištu. Prehrambena industrija ne gleda više samo na financijsku dobit pri plasmanu svojih proizvoda već i na njihovu kvalitetu koja je sada povezana, odnosno koja se postiže upravljanjem kroz cijeli prehrambeni lanac od dobavljača sirovine do kupca. Potrošači su postali svjesni što znači kvalitetan prehrambeni proizvod te njihov krajnji zahtjev postaje zdrav i siguran proizvod. Proizvođači zahtjev za kvalitetom mogu ispuniti samo upravljanjem kvalitetom na putu od ideje do proizvodnje.Tema ovog završnog rada je Kontrola kvalitete u proizvodnji voćnog soka gdje je u prvom dijelu opisan proces proizvodnje od sirovine do gotovog proizvoda. Ostatak teorijskog dijela kao i eksperimentalni dio odnosi se na samu kontrolu kvalitete. Provedene su kontrole kvalitete sirovina, kontrole kvalitete gotovog proizvoda i senzorska analiza. Cilj ovog rada je ukazati na važnost kontrole kvalitete tokom cjelokupnog procesa proizvodnje. Razlog tome je što se u svakom trenutku proizvodnje može lako desiti neka neispravnost koju treba na vrijeme identificirati i korigirati, što znači da je stalna i česta kontrola cjelokupnog procesa proizvodnje neophodna za krajnji, kvalitetan, gotovi proizvod.In the last decade quality has become one of the most important feature in the food production industry worldwide. Food industry is not all about the financial profit anymore but also concentrates on the quality of its products, which is now conected throughout the entire food production chain, from the provider of the raw material to the buyer. Consumers have became aware of the importance of the quality, so healty and safe food is their prime demand. Producers can meet the quality demands only by quality management through the whole process, from the idea to the production. The topic of this paper is the quality control in fruit juice production. The process of production from the raw material to the final product is described in the first part. The rest of the paper, and the experimental part is about the quality control itself. The quality controls for raw materials and for the final product, as well as the sensor analysis have been made.The goal of this paper is to point out the importance of quality control during the whole process of production. The main reason for why quality control is so vital is the fact that at any given moment during the production process, some kind of an anomality could happen which has to be identified and corrected on time. Because of that, the constant control is an imperative for the final and a high- quality product

Historical Development of Urban Green Infrastructure and Possibilities of its Implementation in the Republic of Croatia

Research has been motivated by a wide range of concepts of the term urban green infrastructure. As the aim was to indicate a clear basis for the term, an investigation of its development was a necessity, not only in the European, but also in a broader context. Although green infrastructure is included in the 21st century policies of protection and development of EU landscapes, its foundations can be traced back to the models of ideal Renaissance towns and urbanist concepts mainly from the 19th and 20th century. In these historical periods used concepts meant urban landscapes as systems, a part of the environment, as seen in green corridors, green belts, green wedges, green networks and through the perception of urban green systems. As a modern concept the urban green infrastructure has been upgraded with developed roles, extending functions, scopes and scales from previous historical models. In that sense it maintains its social role of improving the quality of life in towns, while at the same time defining town texture with its urban morphological significance. At the same time it also develops ecological values and extends its scale to nonurban local, regional and international contexts. Despite its benefits, spatial planning documents in the Republic of Croatia still lack measures and actions which would recognise the true benefit of green infrastructure in spatial development

Dubrovnik Primorje in the Time of the Annexation to the Dubrovnik Republic

Četrnaestog veljače 1399. godine poslala je dubrovačka vlada četiri plemića da na temelju povelja koje su prethodno izdane preuzmu Primorje od Bosne. Plemići koji su za taj posao odre­đeni bili su Valchus de Proculo, Nicholaus P. de Poça, Andreas de Volço i Theodorus de Prodanello.9 Ovim činom dubrovačka vlada ušla je u posjed Primorja ili kako se to u dokumentima zove »Terre Nove« (Nove zemlje).The narrow sea-region belt is called Dubrovnik Primorje which goes from the border of Dubrovnik Astareja to the border of Hercegovina not far from Neum-Klek and Duži. The Republic got Primorje from Bosnian king Ostoja and the local owner Radič Sanković. The usual agrarian relationship, which was formed in the 14 th century in Dubrovnik Astareja, was taken by the new regions, but not completely in the same form, because they had to consider the situation they had there before. The basic characteristic of the agrarian relationship in the region of the Republic and Primorje was that owner of the land was not at the same time the one who cultivated the land; the landowner gave his land to a copyholder who had to give the amount, which was the matter of their mutual free agreement. It had to be signed in the Dubrovnik office to avoid the later conflict among them. Although it was a free agreement among them there were usual kinds of the agrarian relationship in every part of the Republic. The landowners in the region of Primorje where noblemen, some plebeians and the church. The noblemen got 242 of the marked parts all together and plebeians got 48 of the marked parts. In the time the distribution of the land there were 15 churches and each of them got a solad of the land. The prince of Primorje got some land. In this way the land in Primorje was divided into desetine (the measure) and desetina was divided into the marked parts, and they were divided again into quarters (četvrtine). Desetine were not to be of the same size because it had not the same amount of the land for the cultivation and it was not of the same quality. Desetine was marked at borders by crosses. The measure for the land which was used was solad. It is not still clear the size of solad in the region of Primorje. I think that the commision used the measure as above mentioned

Cultural landscape evaluation and possibilities for future development – a case study of the island of Krk (Croatia)

Agricultural landscapes that resulted from many centuries of traditional agricultural cultivation are an important part of the cultural heritage in the European Mediterranean areas. Since a systematic study in the Republic of Croatia aimed at inventarisation and protection of cultural landscapes has not been carried out yet, the main purpose of this paper was to, based on a case study that took place on the island of Krk, show the method of agricultural landscape evaluation and possibilities for future development and protection of outstanding agricultural landscapes. The evaluation of all 12 identified agricultural landscape types was conducted and six of them were singled out as outstanding cultural landscapes. Possible structural changes of those landscapes were considered and a proposal for a strategy of the preservation of the valuable landscape heritage on the island of Krk has been formulated. It was concluded that for field landscapes, the preservation is possible through agricultural production modernization. Those outstanding agricultural landscapes that are not profitable, but have a great cultural and historical value, should be maintained through regular procedures for cultural monuments with 100% subsidy

Sigurnosna zaštita na brodu

Rad predstavlja sažeti prikaz funkcioniranja sigurnosne zaštite broda, praćen prvenstveno od strane časnika odgovornog za sigurnosnu zaštitu broda. U radu se analiziraju razlozi primjene sustava sigurnosne zaštite na brodu, odnosno ISPS kodeksa. Analizirane su dužnosti i odgovornosti najvažnijih subjekata u funkcioniranju sustava na brodu. Upoznavamo se s fazama nastanka i razvoja plana sigurnosne zaštite broda te njegovom uporabom i periodičnim održavanjem. Navodimo i obaveznu sigurnosnu opremu u kroz korištenje iste upoznavamo se s funkcioniranjem cjelokupnog sustava, kako na brodu tako i na kopnu

Prepoznavanje sigurnosnih prijetnji na brodu i sigurnosni postupci posade broda

Ovaj rade pokazuje osnovne načine i metode kako prepoznati sumljiva ponašanja i radnje potencijalno opasnih osoba koje stupaju u kontakt s brodom. Navodimo osnovne principe kontrole ispravnosti indetifikacijskih dokumenata osoba koje dolaze na brod. Analiziramo načine i metode prepoznavanja eksplozivnih naprava, oružja te potencijalno opasnih tvari koje nelegalno ukrcane i kao takve prestavljaju veliki rizik za sigurnost broda i posade. Upozorava i na način organizacije i provedbu različitih vrsta pretraga broda u skladu s važećim mjerama iz plana sigurnosne zaštite broda. Također upoznaje s osnovnim obilježjima ponašanja ljudi u grupi, u kriznim situacijama, i u skladu s tim kako, kao član posade broda, upravljati takvim situacijama

Ecological principles in urban landscape design

Principi ekološkog planiranja i projektiranja gradskih krajobraza su mnogobrojni. Ipak, oni nisu sistematizirani i sustavno provođeni u praksi uređenja gradskih krajobraza. Iz tog razloga, konvencionalni pristupi planiranju i oblikovanju gradskih krajobraza mogu biti izrazito mnogo ili vrlo malo oslonjeni na principe ekološkog oblikovanja. Samim time, korišteni su nesistematično, parcijalno i stihijski, ili se uopće ne primjenjuju u domaćim praksama. U radu je predstavljen sistematičan prikaz krajobraznih principa primjenjivih u uređenju urbanih sredina koji mogu pridonijeti ekološkoj održivosti gradova. Oni su kategorizirani i opisani, a njihova je selekcija bazirana na referentnim primjerima i radovima u području krajobrazne ekologije i krajobrazne arhitekture. Krajnji rezultat rada je izrada "check-liste" primjenjive za analizu projekta krajobrazne arhitekture i uređenja gradskih krajobraza prema kriteriju ekološke održivosti.There are many principles of ecological design and planning of urban landscapes. However, they have not been systematized, applied and systematically implemented in the practice of urban planning and development. For this reason, conventional approaches to the planning and design of urban landscapes can be very much or very little based on the principles of ecological design. As a result, they were used unsystematically, partially and spontaneously, or they are not applied at all in national practices. The paper presents a systematic presentation of landscape principles applicable in the design of urban environments that can contribute to the ecological sustainability of cities. They are categorized and described, and their selection is based on reference examples and works in the field of landscape ecology and landscape architecture. The end result of the work is the creation of a "check-list" applicable to the analysis of landscape architecture projects and the arrangement of urban landscapes according to the criterion of ecological sustainability

THE TYPOLOGY OF THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF DUBROVAČKO PRIMORJE AS A BASIS FOR DIRECTING DEVELOPMENT

Napuštanje seoskih sredina Dubrovačkog primorja tijekom posljednjih pedesetak godina odrazilo se na njegove prostorne karakteristike i identitet, obilježavajući ga kao predio s izraženim procesom zapuštanja poljoprivrednih površina. Cilj rada je, na osnovi inventarizacije i analize prostora Dubrovačkog primorja, odrediti tipove krajobraza, te utvrditi potencijalne prostorne kvalitete. Podjela krajobraza na prirodne (obala, krajobraz kamenjara, krajobraz makije) i kulturne (naselja, poljoprivredni kulturni krajobraz) proizlazi iz prirodnih i društvenih obilježja prostora. Istraživanje je pokazalo zanimljive karakteristike samoga poljoprivrednog krajobraza kao izražajnog prostornog elementa. Njegova podjela izvršena je s obzirom na formu, koja je rezultat namjene i prirodnih obilježja prostora. Tako su izdvojeni krajobrazi polja s raznolikom pravilnom i nepravilnom parcelacijom, krajobrazi suhozida organskih i poligonalnih formi, te krajobrazi terasa različito dimenzioniranih omjera. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da se na ovom prostoru nalaze zanimljivi i raznoliki tipovi krajobraza, koji svojom artikulacijom čine zanimljivu prostornu sliku s izražajnom dinamikom. Osim prirodnih, i kulturni krajobrazi se mogu podijeliti na one koji imaju tendenciju širenja i na one koji nestaju kao posljedica trenutnih ekonomsko-gospodarskih trendova. Identifi kacija tipova krajobraza može biti preduvjet za odredbu razvojnih kriterija prostora u budućnosti.Abandonment of rural areas in Dubrovačko Primorje in the last 50 years resulted with changes of its spatial characteristics and identity. This process defi ned this place as a virtually derelict area. The main goal of this work is to determine landscape types based upon survey and spatial analyses. They can be helpful in a process of determination of spatial qualities. Landscape division was made according to the natural and anthropogenic features of this area. Therefore, landscape was divided on natural (coast, karst terrain and landscapes of the macchia) and cultural (settlement and agriculture) landscapes. Working methods consisted of several research stages. The fi rst stage comprised a review of relevant literature concerning natural and sociological features of the explored area. Working methods of prof. dr. Marušič were inspiration for evolvement of this research [16]. The next stage of research was the fi eld work by means of observation method which resulted in detailed photo documentation, showing different types of the agricultural landscapes. Indoor work consisted of the orthophoto production, which was a base for further exploration. Consequently, detailed map of the land use, as well as an agricultural map of the area was made according to the structural husbandry character. Digital mapping of the thematical maps in GIS – Arc View software program, produced a database of social and natural elements of the area. Overlapping of all these maps helped in determination of causal processes. Comparison of these outcomes with terrain photo documentation led to the research results and fi nal conclusions. This research showed interesting structural features of agricultural landscapes. Its division was made according to its form which emerged from the land use and its natural character. Consequently, agricultural landscapes are divided into fi elds (with regular parcels and those with irregular land division), dry stone walls with organic and polygonal forms and terraced landscapes in different scales and dimensions. Results pointed to many interesting and various landscape types which are articulating with different spatial elements, thus making an overall landscape picture more complex. This spatial variety is giving an identity to this space which is based upon tense spatial dynamics. Exploration has also shown developing tendencies of different landscape types. Future development will certainly cause completely different landscape scenery, therefore there remains a legitimate reason for controlled development. Main developing strategies are based on tourism and agricultural development. Since tourism is a more aggressive element in this system its further development has to be better supervised in order to achieve their balanced coexistence. Tourism and its spatial distribution must be more dispersed, as it is currently concentrated alongside a particularly sensitive natural coastal area

Die Wahrnehmung von Grundmerkmalen öffentlicher Plätze in Wohnsiedlungen. Fallbeispiele Zagreb und Velika Gorica

Otvoreni prostori višestambene izgradnje neposredan su prostor boravka stanovnika stambenih naselja u vanjskom prostoru. Kako su oni često predmet nezadovoljstva i kritika samih stanovnika, ali i stručnjaka koji sudjeluju u njihovu oblikovanju i planiranju, ovim se radom pokušalo utvrditi krajobrazne vrijednosti i parametre koji djeluju na njihovu privlačnost. S tim ciljem provedeno je istraživanje na osnovi promatranja te anketa s pridruženom ljestvicom semantičkoga diferencijala. Postupak semantičkoga diferencijala temelji se na procjeni vizualno-estetskih kvaliteta prostora kojima se prati doživljavanje i emotivne reakcije ispitanika. Analizom dobivenih rezultata utvrđeni su neki elementi poželjnih prostornih i strukturnih odnosa koji djeluju na kvalitetu doživljavanja otvorenih prostora višestambene izgradnje, a koji mogu poslužiti kao smjernice i kriteriji u njihovu oblikovanju.Open spaces associated with the architecture in housing settlements are spaces of stay and leisure used by the dwellers living outside of the areas of residential complexes. Since these are quite often the subject of dissatisfaction and criticism of its residents and are also being exposed to critiques written by experts taking part in the process of their design and planning, this paper represents an attempt at identifying the landscape values, and the parameters affecting its environmental attractiveness. The research is carried out striving for a goal based upon observation, as well as on an opinion survey measuring people’s attitudes with the pertaining scale of semantic differential (SD). The procedure of a semantic differential is based on visual and aesthetic qualities of the space, in terms of monitoring experience, perception and emotional reactions of the interviewed respondents. Data processing obtained in such a way has established some of the elements of desirable spatial and structural relations which influence the quality of experiencing open spaces associated with housing architecture, which can be implemented as guidelines and criteria in their design.Öffentliche Plätze in Wohnsiedlungen stellen für die Anwohner das unmittelbare Umfeld dar, innerhalb dessen sie sich unter freiem Himmel aufhalten und bewegen können. Da sie oft Anlass geben zur Unzufriedenheit und Kritik sowohl von Anwohnern als auch von Experten, in deren Aufgabenbereich die Planung und Gestaltung öffentlicher Räume fällt, wollte man mit dieser Studie versuchen, den landschaftlichen Wert dieser Plätze sowie die ihre Anziehungskraft bestimmenden Parameter zu ermitteln. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Beobachtungsuntersuchung durchgeführt sowie eine Umfrage mit beigefügtem semantischem Differential. Das Verfahren des semantischen Differentials gründet auf einer Einschätzung der visuellästhetischen Eigenschaften eines „öffentlichen” Raumes, anhand deren die Wahrnehmung und gefühlsmäßigen Reaktionen seitens der Probanden mitverfolgt werden. Durch Bearbeitung und Vergleich der gewonnenen Angaben wurden bestimmte Eigenschaften ermittelt, die in struktureller und gestalterischer Hinsicht in öffentlichen Räumen vertreten sein sollten, da sie Einfluss haben auf die Art und Weise, wie öffentliche Plätze in Wohnsiedlungen wahrgenommen werden, und daher als Richtlinien und Kriterien bei der öffentlichen Raumgestaltung dienen können