Oscillations and differences in Triebel-Lizorkin-Morrey spaces

In this paper we are concerned with Triebel-Lizorkin-Morrey spaces $\mathcal{E}^{s}_{u,p,q}(\Omega)$ of positive smoothness $s$ defined on (special or bounded) Lipschitz domains $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^d$ as well as on $\mathbb{R}^d$. For those spaces we prove new equivalent characterizations in terms of local oscillations which hold as long as some standard conditions on the parameters are fulfilled. As a byproduct, we also obtain novel characterizations of $\mathcal{E}^{s}_{u,p,q}(\Omega)$ using differences of higher order. Special cases include standard Triebel-Lizorkin spaces $F^s_{p,q} (\Omega)$ and hence classical $L_p$-Sobolev spaces $H^s_p(\Omega)$. Key words: Triebel-Lizorkin-Morrey space, Morrey space, Lipschitz domain, oscillations, higher order differencesComment: 41 page

Using importance-performance analysis to bridge the information gap between industry and higher education

The goal of this viewpoint article is to introduce, critically analyse and further develop importance–performance analysis (IPA) as a framework through which strategic management recommendations can be extracted for higher education institutions. The article introduces a new method of combining the perspectives of two significant groups to bridge the information gap between industry and higher education by exploring the results of two differing IPA variants from the context of sport management. The first IPA matches the importance and performance of future competencies based on statements solely derived from the labour market. The second explores the same importance measures in comparison to performance measures derived from current graduates. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each analysis and recommend the use of this framework in the effort to decrease the existing information asymmetry between industry and higher education

Homogeneity or Heterogeneity: An Institutional Theory View on Circular Economy Practices in the Outdoor Sporting Goods Industry

The concept of a circular economy (CE) has recently gained attention within the field of corporate sustainability, including the textile sector. Although CE-related literature often mentions actors from the outdoor sporting goods industry (OSGI) as forerunners, an analysis of their CE implementation is missing. Thus, in this paper, we attempt to identify the structure of the current state of CE activities in this field. To develop the study, we used a qualitative methodology through content analysis of documents as well as expert interviews, taking an institutional theory (IT) view to support that analysis. Our findings indicate that many outdoor brands and retailers are engaged in practices related to the CE and that homogeneity among these practices varies between moderate to high. Thus, we assume that processes of institutional isomorphism are in place and that there will be increasingly uniform CE practices in the OSGI in the future. Our study not only contributes to a more organised understanding of the diverse CE playing field, as it adds an industry-specific perspective to the literature, but it also helps managers to draw practical implications

Asymmetry in information acquisition - Exploring the principal–agent dyad of sport organizations and sport management higher education institutions

This study is based on a metaphorical contract in sport management, whereby sport organizations (the principal) engage sport management higher education institutions (the agent) in qualifying graduates according to industry demands. There is asymmetry in the contract due to the lack of incentives for the principal to provide specific information and the agent’s ignorance about this information. A third party can acquire crucial information that sport management higher education institutions need to fulfil the contract. Based on a qualitative content analysis of 12 interviews with sport organization representatives, the study finds that sport management higher education institutions need to focus on either developing generic competencies or credibly signalling the value of sport management-specific competencies in their curriculum in order to efficiently fulfil the contract

Aligning competence-oriented qualifications in sport management higher education with industry requirements: An importance–performance analysis

This article examines the fit (or lack thereof) between the competencies needed by the sport industry and the proficiency of sport management students. The authors apply importance–performance analysis as a strategic management tool to analyze the results of two competence-oriented datasets in a German context. They find that students’ self-identified proficiency is lower than the importance attributed to proficiency by industry experts. The authors critically discuss the absence of differences between the perceived performance of Bachelor’s and Master’s degree students and provide strategic recommendations for sport management higher education. The article highlights the development and communication of generic competencies as a unique selling proposition and reflect on the need to improve subject-specific competencies to further professionalize the field of sport management. Based on these results, a critical reflection of curriculum design in sport management higher education is needed

Regulatory intensity in English and German professional football: A comparative analysis of national requirements for ensuring financial stability

In order to secure a proper execution of sporting competitions, national governing bodies of professional football leagues apply specific regulatory procedures. In this context, special focus is placed on requirements that are supposed to ensure financial stability of clubs. They, in turn, help avoid negative economic externalities, i.e. the problem that financial difficulties from one club can affect other clubs and stakeholders due to the interdependent relationships of the competition. These regulations on a national level in European professional football leagues show several significant differences. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to comprehensively analyze financial regulatory procedures of professional football leagues to generate possible improvements of the regulations in detail. Using a document analysis of the regulation books of the English Premier League and German Bundesliga, this study compares the regulatory procedures of those important European professional football leagues. Further evaluation was performed through a qualitative content analysis to develop a category system including six categories with 72 criteria from deductive and inductive procedures. For more advanced coding an assessment scale was integrated. Compared to the Premier League, the regulation of the Bundesliga points to a more intensive regulation in all categories and across all analyzed indices. The results of both leagues partially reveal that assessment and monitoring requirements tend to be ineffective, which can substantially endanger the achievement of the whole monitoring process' aims. The intention to ensure the financial stability for securing the league competition can be missed in such a situation and negative economic externalities cannot be prevented effectively. For the first time, this study includes all relevant requirements of financial club assessment and monitoring. Thereby, an abstract comprehensive and systematic structure for professional team sports leagues is described and allows for a concrete international comparison of two European professional football leagues. At the end several approaches to improve the regulatory framework are provided

Stakeholderorientierte Perspektiven in der sportpolitischen Diskussion von beherrschendem Einfluss im deutschen Profifußball - Empirische Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Investoren_innen zur 50+1-Regel und deren Zukunft

Eine zentrale sportpolitische Frage im deutschen Profifußball ergibt sich aus der Diskussion um die Aufhebung der 50+1-Regel: Sollten professionelle Fußballklubs in Deutschland weiterhin von Vereinen oder von Investoren_innen kontrolliert werden? Vor dem Hintergrund des Stakeholder-Ansatzes erscheinen die bisherigen Untersuchungen der Perspektiven von Fußballklubs und Fußballfans von besonderer Bedeutung. Unberücksichtigt blieben bislang die Investoren_innen als Stakeholder-Gruppe. Aufgrund der Begrenzung ihres Einflusses durch die Regel, der damit einhergehenden unmittelbaren Betroffenheit sowie der zunehmenden Bedeutung von Investoren_innen im deutschen Profifußball werden erstmalig die Perspektiven von Investoren_innen zur 50+1-Regel und deren Zukunft aufgezeigt. Basierend auf den empirischen Ergebnissen werden Gemein-samkeiten und Unterschiede der Perspektiven zwischen Fußballklubs, Fußballfans und Investoren_innen aufgedeckt. Sie bilden eine Diskussionsgrundlage, um eine zukünftige Entscheidung hinsichtlich einer Beibehaltung oder Aufhebung stakeholderorientiert beurteilen zu können.In German professional football there is a central sports political issue that is emerging from the current discussions regarding the retention or repeal of the 50+1-Rule: should professional football clubs in Germany continue to be controlled by their Verein, or instead by investors in the future? When taking into consideration the stakeholder approach, it appears essential to consider the perspectives of football clubs and football fans with regards to this current debate. Due to the 50+1-Rule limiting investors’ influences on the club, as well as the increase in importance and involvement of investors in professional football within recent years, investors’ perspectives concerning the rule and it’s future are now being discussed and identified for the first time. Based on the empirical results, it was revealed that when comparing football clubs, football fans, and investors, a difference in perspectives exists. These results form an important base for discussion to assess the future decision regarding the retention or repeal of the 50+1-Rule in a stakeholder-oriented manner

Internationalization of the Sport Management Labor Market and Curriculum Perspectives: Insights From Germany, Norway, and Spain

This study applies “Europeanness” to the analysis of internationalization in the sport management labor market and which changes this trend necessitates for sport management curricula. The authors employed an analysis of 30 semistructured interviews with key informants from Germany, Norway, and Spain. The results reveal various effects of internationalization on the sport sector and highlight the richness and diversity in the three countries. Sport management graduates need to possess a diverse set of competencies for successfully starting their careers. In addition to subject-specific knowledge, generic competencies such as the ability to work in a team, being able to communicate in diverse languages, and having intercultural skills are important. The article discusses knowledge of international sport organizations, their governance, global trends, and intercultural and language competencies, as well as international sport event management as identified themes and proposes specific curriculum changes to promote educational outcomes of sport management programs