Analisis Numerik Simulasi Kinerja Sistem Tata Udara Unitary Menggunakan Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger dengan Refrigeran Hidrokarbon

One of the environmental issues to be addressed, particularly in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning, is the destruction of the ozone layer and the effects of global warming due to the use of environmentally inefficient refrigerants. In the field of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, refrigerant as a cooling medium, plays an important role, and until now there is still the use of refrigerant materials that are not environmentally friendly, generally synthetic refrigerant. One alternative refrigerant replacement against the synthetic refrigerant is hydrocarbon refrigerant (HC). On the other hand, several ways can improve the performance of refrigeration system by lowering the temperature of liquid line using liquid to suction heat exchanger. In this study, a numerical simulation was conducted to examine the effect of using liquid to suction heat exchanger on the performance of a unitary air-conditioning system using hydrocarbon refrigerant as a coolant fluid. The results are, liquid to suction heat exchanger increase refrigeration effect by raising heat exchanger effectivity, the highest increase is about 7%. But the use of LSHX also rises up the compression work by increasing heat exchanger effectivity by 19%. So the Coefficient of performance (COP) and relative capacity index decrease by 5%. Decreasing performance is higher in the unit that operates at higher temperatures

Early development of infants with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case series

Background Prospective studies of infants at familial risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have yielded insights into the earliest signs of the disorder but represent heterogeneous samples of unclear aetiology. Complementing this approach by studying cohorts of infants with monogenic syndromes associated with high rates of ASD offers the opportunity to elucidate the factors that lead to ASD. Methods We present the first report from a prospective study of ten 10-month-old infants with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a monogenic disorder with high prevalence of ASD or ASD symptomatology. We compared data from infants with NF1 to a large cohort of infants at familial risk for ASD, separated by outcome at age 3 of ASD (n = 34), atypical development (n = 44), or typical development (n = 89), and low-risk controls (n = 75). Domains assessed at 10 months by parent report and examiner observation include cognitive and adaptive function, sensory processing, social engagement, and temperament. Results Infants with NF1 showed striking impairments in motor functioning relative to low-risk infants; this pattern was seen in infants with later ASD from the familial cohort (HR-ASD). Both infants with NF1 and the HR-ASD group showed communication delays relative to low-risk infants. Conclusions Ten-month-old infants with NF1 show a range of developmental difficulties that were particularly striking in motor and communication domains. As with HR-ASD infants, social skills at this age were not notably impaired. This is some of the first information on early neurodevelopment in NF1. Strong inferences are limited by the sample size, but the findings suggest implications for early comparative developmental science and highlight motor functioning as an important domain to inform the development of relevant animal models. The findings have clinical implications in indicating an important focus for early surveillance and remediation in this early diagnosed genetic disorder

Early differences in auditory processing relate to Autism Spectrum Disorder traits in infants with Neurofibromatosis Type I

Abstract: Background: Sensory modulation difficulties are common in children with conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and could contribute to other social and non-social symptoms. Positing a causal role for sensory processing differences requires observing atypical sensory reactivity prior to the emergence of other symptoms, which can be achieved through prospective studies. Methods: In this longitudinal study, we examined auditory repetition suppression and change detection at 5 and 10 months in infants with and without Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1), a condition associated with higher likelihood of developing ASD. Results: In typically developing infants, suppression to vowel repetition and enhanced responses to vowel/pitch change decreased with age over posterior regions, becoming more frontally specific; age-related change was diminished in the NF1 group. Whilst both groups detected changes in vowel and pitch, the NF1 group were largely slower to show a differentiated neural response. Auditory responses did not relate to later language, but were related to later ASD traits. Conclusions: These findings represent the first demonstration of atypical brain responses to sounds in infants with NF1 and suggest they may relate to the likelihood of later ASD

ORANI-G: A General Equilibrium Model of the Australian Economy

ORANI is an applied general equilibrium (AGE) model of the Australian economy which is widely used by academics and by economists in the government and private sectors. We describe a generic version of the model, ORANI-G, designed both for expository purposes and as a convenient starting-point for those wishing to construct their own AGE model. ORANI-G forms the basis of an annual modelling course, and has been adapted to build models of South Africa, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Fiji, South Korea, Denmark, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and both Chinas. Our description of the model's equations and database is closely integrated with an explanation of how the model is solved. Indeed, the model equations are presented in the syntax, resembling ordinary algebraic notation, used by the GEMPACK modelling system to specify the model. The document includes: an outline of the structure of the model and of the appropriate interpretations of the results of comparative-static and forecasting simulations; a description of the solution procedure; a brief description of the data, emphasising the general features of the data structure required for such a model; a complete description of the theoretical specification of the model framed around the TABLO Input file which implements the model in GEMPACK

A General Equilibrium Model of Australia's Premier City

Australian cities suffer from urban sprawl, leading to long average commute distances and high energy use by urban transport. To investigate this problem, we define and construct a medium-sized general equilibrium model of Australia's second-largest city, Melbourne. Individuals are modelled as utility maximisers who face a discrete number of choices. We follow the logit approach, where the probability of an individual pursuing an option (for example, living in high-density housing in zone A while working in zone B) is proportional to the utility derived from that option, taking into account the cost of the option and the effect of this cost on the total utility obtainable with given income-producing opportunities. The spatial layout of the city, through the cost of travel from one zone to another, influences the pattern of land rents, industrial activity, and housing location and density. As in other general equilibrium models, market-clearing and accounting equations allow the whole economy of the city to be presented within an integrated framework. The result is a fairly general economic model of urban land use and travel demands. We use it to analyse the effects of population growth and policy initiatives on transport usage

¿Influye de forma negativa el uso de guantes por parte de los agentes sanitarios en el cumplimiento de la higiene de manos?

[spa] Introducción. De las precauciones estándar, la higiene de las manos es la medida más importante para prevenir la infección nosocomial. El objetivo es evaluar si el uso de guantes influye de forma negativa en la adherencia de la higiene de manos. Metodología: Se realizo una revisión sistemática obteniendo artículos que hayan estudiado la relación entre el uso de guantes y la adherencia a la higiene de manos en las bases de datos de MEDLINE (PubMed), EBSCOHOST, IBECS, Cochrane Library, OvidSP, SCOPUS, Cuiden Plus y Teseo. Se aplicaron las siguientes limitaciones de base: “Full Text”, artículos en Inglés o en Castellano y artículos publicados entre los años 2000-2015. En Cuiden Plus y en Teseo se utilizaron palabras clave. Resultados: Se obtuvieron en total 29 artículos: 20 estudios observacionales, un estudio prospectivo aleatorio y controlado, una revisión bibliográfica, un artículo, un estudio descriptivo transversal, una guía, un estudio experimental, una carta al director, una prueba controlada y una tesis doctoral. 17 apoyan la premisa de que el uso de guantes es un factor de riesgo frente la adherencia a la higiene de manos, 5 la premisa de que el uso de guantes era un factor protector y 7 que aportaron otros datos relevantes. Resumen: A nivel internacional, los distintos organismos de salud deben tener en cuenta el uso de guantes en combinación con la higiene de manos en sus directrices y herramientas de observación. Concretamente, el uso de guantes parece ser un factor de riesgo frente al cumplimiento de la higiene de manos, pero sigue siendo necesario generar más evidencia sólida en este ámbito.[eng] Introduction: Out of the standard precautions, hand hygiene is the most important measure used to prevent hospital infections. The aim is to assess whether or not the use of gloves has a negative effect on hand hygiene compliance. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to obtain articles that studied the relationship between the use of gloves and hand hygiene compliance in the following databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), EBSCOHOST, IBECS, Cochrane Library, OvidSP, Scopus, Cuiden Plus and a Doctoral Theseus. As a starting point, the following limitations were applied: Full Text, articles in English or Spanish, and references published between the years 2000-2015. In Cuiden Plus and Teseo, only keywords were used. Results: A total of 29 articles were obtained; 20 observational studies, one randomized controlled prospective study, one systematic review, one cross-sectional study, one guide, one article, one experimental study, one letter to the editor, one controlled trial and one doctoral thesis. 17 references considered glove use a risk factor when it comes to hand hygiene compliance and 5 references considered the use of gloves a protective factor. The remaining articles contributed other relevant information. Summary: Internationally, the various health agencies should consider glove use in combination with hand hygiene in their guidelines and observation tools. Specifically, the use of gloves appears to be a risk factor when it comes to hand hygiene compliance, having said that, there is still a need to generate solid evidence in this field

A Harris-style miniature version of ORANI

A small version of ORANI is constructed, incorporating economies of scale and imperfect competition. Economic mechanisms are borrowed from a model constructed by Richard Harris, and described in his 1984 book "Trade, Industrial Policy and Canadian Manufacturing". The miniature Harris-like model is used to determine whether Harris' conclusions might carry over to Australia, and to see which of his several assumptions are responsible for his more striking results. We find that import-parity pricing is responsible for most of the 'action', while Lerner pricing (based on perceived demand elasticities) yields results similar to the conventional CRTS mode