Peranan Badan Permusyawaratan Desa dalam Pembangunan Masyarakat di Desa Tateli Induk Kecamatan Mandolang Kabupaten Minahasa

Reformation era which aims to holdcorrection or alteration, the arrangement and arrangement back variousentertainments the social life of, nation and the country that better suit,conformable, and in line with the aim of the state as mandated in the openingconstitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945 continuously tries to doproperly. Efforts to improve the developmentof rural areas in regional autonomy era now this is an important step andstrategic that need in observed in mobilise and diligently. For that thegovernment has determined to improve our motion village development in ruralareas. Hence the effort of development and empowerment of the village is animportant step to be done and improved by careful and effective. Through BPD the government hopes,invite and offer the opportunity as possible to the public to participate.Consultative board village as the receptacle of channeling collectors and theaspirations of the people who help the government village in performing andevelopment and have an important role because the village development veryuseful for all the village community. Community Tateli village there areseveral elements that can be used to run a course of development. Elements suchis that the community village Tateli solidarity having a strong, bothvertically and horizontally. Vertical in the sense of loyalty the communitywith the village administration and horizontally in the meaning of thesolidarity that binds the residents

Identification of the growth arrest and DNA damage protein GADD34 in the normal human heart and demonstration of alterations in expression following myocardial ischaemia

Growth arrest and DNA damage protein 34 (GADD34) is a multifunctional protein upregulated in response to cellular stress and is believed to mediate DNA repair and restore protein synthesis. In the present study we have examined GADD34 immunoreactivity in human myocardial tissue at defined survival times following cardiac arrest and determined alterations in expression following ischaemia. In the normal human heart, GADD34 immunoreactivity was generally intense and present within most cells. GADD34 immunoreactivity was downregulated in tissue displaying ischaemic damage and remained intense in adjacent non-infarcted tissue. Unlike brain, GADD34 was not found to be upregulated in the peri-infarct zone. Cells displaying apoptotic changes were located in regions displaying reduced GADD34 immunoreactivity. In the brain, it is thought that GADD34 supports re-initiation of protein synthesis following ischaemia. Similarly, GADD34 may perform important functions in cardiac tissue in response to ischaemia

Thermoelectric cookstove

A fuel efficient cookstove tailored to the needs of Nicaraguan small business owners that incorporated insulation and thermoelectric power generation was built and validated. There is a 4 inch layer of pumice rock insulation around the combustion chamber, which significantly reduces convective heat losses to the environment. The stove\u27s ventilation system is powered by the electricity generated by thermoelectric generators. Preheated air is forced into the combustion chamber, which increases the combustion efficiency, reducing the fuel consumption and the harmful smoke produced. Through various testing methods, we found that the controlled airflow to the charcoal fuel allows the stove to maintain the desired cooking temperature 38% longer that the standard inefficient stoves. This longer burn time translates directly into fuel savings, as the operator requires less fuel to accomplish the same cooking task. It is estimated that a customer could save at least $200/year on fuel, which represents two month\u27s salary in Nicaragua. Compared to uninsulated stoves, our design reduces the outer wall temperature by 700° F, which is a significant safety improvement. The voltage generated by the TEGs, typically between 1.5-2.5 volts, is enough to power the fans; however, more work needs to be done to optimize a power management circuit that would facilitate device charging

Phosphorylation by Akt within the ST loop of AMPK-α1 down-regulates its activation in tumour cells

The insulin/IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1)-activated protein kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B) phosphorylates Ser(487) in the ‘ST loop’ (serine/threonine-rich loop) within the C-terminal domain of AMPK-α1 (AMP-activated protein kinase-α1), leading to inhibition of phosphorylation by upstream kinases at the activating site, Thr(172). Surprisingly, the equivalent site on AMPK-α2, Ser(491), is not an Akt target and is modified instead by autophosphorylation. Stimulation of HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells with IGF-1 caused reduced subsequent Thr(172) phosphorylation and activation of AMPK-α1 in response to the activator A769662 and the Ca(2+) ionophore A23187, effects we show to be dependent on Akt activation and Ser(487) phosphorylation. Consistent with this, in three PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10)-null tumour cell lines (in which the lipid phosphatase PTEN that normally restrains the Akt pathway is absent and Akt is thus hyperactivated), AMPK was resistant to activation by A769662. However, full AMPK activation could be restored by pharmacological inhibition of Akt, or by re-expression of active PTEN. We also show that inhibition of Thr(172) phosphorylation is due to interaction of the phosphorylated ST loop with basic side chains within the αC-helix of the kinase domain. Our findings reveal that a previously unrecognized effect of hyperactivation of Akt in tumour cells is to restrain activation of the LKB1 (liver kinase B1)–AMPK pathway, which would otherwise inhibit cell growth and proliferation

Fifteen days of 3200m simulated hypoxia marginally regulates markers for protein synthesis and degradation in human skeletal muscle

Chronic hypoxia leads to muscle atrophy. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are not well defined in vivo. We sought to determine how chronic hypoxia regulates molecular markers of protein synthesis and degradation in human skeletal muscle and whether these regulations were related to the regulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. Eight young male subjects lived in a normobaric hypoxic hotel (FiO2 14.1%, 3,200 m) for 15 days in well-controlled conditions for nutrition and physical activity. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained in the musculus vastus lateralis before (PRE) and immediately after (POST) hypoxic exposure. Intramuscular hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) protein expression decreased (-49%, P=0.03), whereas hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α) remained unaffected from PRE to POST hypoxic exposure. Also, downstream HIF-1α target genes VEGF-A (-66%, P=0.006) and BNIP3 (-24%, P=0.002) were downregulated, and a tendency was measured for neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally Nedd4 (-47%, P=0.07), suggesting lowered HIF-1α transcriptional activity after 15 days of exposure to environmental hypoxia. No difference was found on microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 type II/I (LC3b-II/I) ratio, and P62 protein expression tended to increase (+45%, P=0.07) compared to PRE exposure levels, suggesting that autophagy was not modulated after chronic hypoxia. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway was not altered as Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin, S6 kinase 1, and 4E-binding protein 1 phosphorylation did not change between PRE and POST. Finally, myofiber cross-sectional area was unchanged between PRE and POST. In summary, our data indicate that moderate chronic hypoxia differentially regulates HIF-1α and HIF-2α, marginally affects markers of protein degradation, and does not modify markers of protein synthesis or myofiber cross-sectional area in human skeletal muscle

KAJIAN YURIDIS PROSES LEGALITAS PENJUALAN CAP TIKUS DI MINAHASA SELATAN

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses legalitas penjualan dari produk cap tikus 1978 dan apakah penjualan produk cap tikus 1978 legal di luar Indonesia, di mana dengan metode penelitian normatif disimpulkan bahwa: 1. Proses legalitas penjualan dari produk cap tikus 1978 dimulai dengan pemasukkan berkas kepada pemerintah kabupaten minahasa selatan dan pemerintah pusat. Setelah izin dari pemerintah daerah dan pemerintah pusat keluar maka perlu izin dari pihak BPOM untuk menjamin bahwa produk cap tikus 1978 ini layak untuk di konsumsi. Selain izin dari pihak BPOM diperlukan juga izin dari pihak bea cukai hal ini agar produk cap tikus 1978 dapat dipasarkan atau diperjual-belikan di seluruh wilayah Indonesia. 2. Produk cap tikus 1978 legal untuk dijual di luar negara Indonesia hal ini karena produk cap tikus 1978 sudah legal menurut aturan hukum dan undang-undang yang berlaku di negara asalnya Indonesia. Dan untuk penjualan kembali produk cap tikus 1978 bisa langsung di ekspor ke negara tujuan dengan melihat aturan hukum dan undang-undang yang berlaku di negara tujuan. Namun sebelumnya eksportir juga harus melengkapi berkas yang berisikan syarat-syarat untuk mengekspor minuman beralkohol.Kata kunci: cap tukus; legalitas penjualan

Complex High-Content Phenotypic Screening

There has been a renewed interest in cell-based phenotypic screening in drug discovery with the goal of improving the success and decreasing the clinical failure rate of new therapeutics. This has increasingly led to the development of biomimetic cellular models that more faithfully replicate human disease biology. Human tumour models have advanced to include relevant cell types such as primary patient tumour cells and grown using organotypic and 3D methods. Tissue organoids, which are 3D organ buds displaying realistic microanatomy, are becoming more commonly used in drug discovery to advance in vitro assays which predict drug toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Emerging technologies and cell culture methods are constantly improving the quality of tissue modelling that can be employed during primary phenotypic screening, and this has resulted in the identification of more efficacious and patient-relevant therapeutics