Differences between students and physicians in their entitlement towards procedural skills education – a needs assessment of skills training in internal medicine

Objective: Procedural skills education has a high priority for medical students. However, it is not clear what kind of skills they consider important and whether their perception differs from the physicians’ view

Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography

Arctic Ocean properties and processes are highly relevant to the regional and global coupled climate system, yet still scarcely observed, especially in winter. Team OCEAN conducted a full year of physical oceanography observations as part of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), a drift with the Arctic sea ice from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the program to characterize the Arctic Ocean system in unprecedented detail, from the seafloor to the air-sea ice-ocean interface, from sub-mesoscales to pan-Arctic. The oceanographic measurements were coordinated with the other teams to explore the ocean physics and linkages to the climate and ecosystem. This paper introduces the major components of the physical oceanography program and complements the other team overviews of the MOSAiC observational program. Team OCEAN’s sampling strategy was designed around hydrographic ship-, ice- and autonomous platform-based measurements to improve the understanding of regional circulation and mixing processes. Measurements were carried out both routinely, with a regular schedule, and in response to storms or opening leads. Here we present alongdrift time series of hydrographic properties, allowing insights into the seasonal and regional evolution of the water column from winter in the Laptev Sea to early summer in Fram Strait: freshening of the surface, deepening of the mixed layer, increase in temperature and salinity of the Atlantic Water. We also highlight the presence of Canada Basin deep water intrusions and a surface meltwater layer in leads. MOSAiC most likely was the most comprehensive program ever conducted over the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. While data analysis and interpretation are ongoing, the acquired datasets will support a wide range of physical oceanography and multi-disciplinary research. They will provide a significant foundation for assessing and advancing modeling capabilities in the Arctic Ocean

Summary of AFIN measurements on Atka Bay land-fast sea ice in 2013

This field report documents the general sea-ice conditions in 2013/14, and shows preliminary results from a suite of meteorological and oceanographic measurements. The used methods included manual drillings, autonomous instrumentation (automatic weather and radiation station), thermistor chain and snow buoys. The study was performed in the framework of the Antarctic Fast Ice Network

Snow height on sea ice, meteorological conditions and drift of sea ice from autonomous measurements from buoy 2020S108, deployed during MOSAiC 2019/20

Snow height was measured by the Snow Buoy 2020S108, an autonomous platform, installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during MOSAiC (Leg 5) 2019/20. The resulting time series describes the evolution of snow height as a function of place and time between 30 August 2020 and 07 July 2021 in sample intervals of 1 hour. The Snow Buoy consists of four independent acoustic range finder measurements representing the area (approx. 10 m**2) around the buoy. In addition to snow height, geographic position (GPS), barometric pressure, air temperature, and surface temperature were measured. Negative values of snow height occur if surface ablation continues into the sea ice. Thus, these measurements describe the position of the sea ice surface relative to the original snow-ice interface. Differences between single sensors indicate small-scale variability of the snow pack around the buoy

Snow height on sea ice, meteorological conditions and drift of sea ice from autonomous measurements from buoy 2020S109, deployed during MOSAiC 2019/20

Snow height was measured by the Snow Buoy 2020S109, an autonomous platform, installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during MOSAiC (Leg 5) 2019/20. The resulting time series describes the evolution of snow height as a function of place and time between 21 September 2020 and 27 September 2020 in sample intervals of 1 hour. The Snow Buoy consists of four independent acoustic range finder measurements representing the area (approx. 10 m**2) around the buoy. In addition to snow height, geographic position (GPS), barometric pressure, air temperature, and surface temperature were measured. Negative values of snow height occur if surface ablation continues into the sea ice. Thus, these measurements describe the position of the sea ice surface relative to the original snow-ice interface. Differences between single sensors indicate small-scale variability of the snow pack around the buoy

Snow height on sea ice, meteorological conditions and drift of sea ice from autonomous measurements from buoy 2020S105, deployed during MOSAiC 2019/20

Snow height was measured by the Snow Buoy 2020S105, an autonomous platform, installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during MOSAiC (Leg 5) 2019/20. The resulting time series describes the evolution of snow height as a function of place and time between 21 September 2020 and 12 April 2021 in sample intervals of 1 hour. The Snow Buoy consists of four independent acoustic range finder measurements representing the area (approx. 10 m**2) around the buoy. In addition to snow height, geographic position (GPS), barometric pressure, air temperature, and surface temperature were measured. Negative values of snow height occur if surface ablation continues into the sea ice. Thus, these measurements describe the position of the sea ice surface relative to the original snow-ice interface. Differences between single sensors indicate small-scale variability of the snow pack around the buoy