Removal of Ortho- chlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions Using Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles Modified Clay (Case Clay Soils of ShahMorad Mountains in Rafsanjan)

Chlorophenols as priority pollutants are toxic. These acidic organic compounds cause digestive disorders, liver damage, and cancers. The aim of this study is Ortho- chlorophenol removal using zero-valent iron nanoparticles modified clay. In this experimental study, the clay soil was sampled from the mountains of Shah Murad, Rafsanjan, Iran. Then it was treated with hydrochloric acid. In the next step, the clay was modified with ferrous sulfate in the presence of the N2 gas to prepare magnetic clay. Then, the prepared adsorbent was used to remove o-chlorophenol as a function of pH, adsorbent dose and contact time. In addition, adsorption isotherms and kinetics were determined. The findings of the present study showed that the removal efficiency obtained by the iron nanoparticles carrying clay was higher than that of the raw clay. The highest removal efficiency (91.3 %.) was obtained for pH 4. The o-CP removal efficiency by the modified clay increased from 35.9 to 82.7 as the adsorbent dosage is increased from 0.05 to 1 g after 120min contact time. The Langmuir isotherm model and the second-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data compared to other studied models. The results showed that the modified adsorbent could be used an effective and readily available low-cost adsorbent for the removal of chlorophenols in industrial applications

Removal of Ortho- chlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions Using Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles Modified Clay (Case Clay Soils of ShahMorad Mountains in Rafsanjan)

Chlorophenols as priority pollutants are toxic. These acidic organic compounds cause digestive disorders, liver damage, and cancers. The aim of this study is Ortho- chlorophenol removal using zero-valent iron nanoparticles modified clay. In this experimental study, the clay soil was sampled from the mountains of Shah Murad, Rafsanjan, Iran. Then it was treated with hydrochloric acid. In the next step, the clay was modified with ferrous sulfate in the presence of the N2 gas to prepare magnetic clay. Then, the prepared adsorbent was used to remove o-chlorophenol as a function of pH, adsorbent dose and contact time. In addition, adsorption isotherms and kinetics were determined. The findings of the present study showed that the removal efficiency obtained by the iron nanoparticles carrying clay was higher than that of the raw clay. The highest removal efficiency (91.3 %.) was obtained for pH 4. The o-CP removal efficiency by the modified clay increased from 35.9 to 82.7 as the adsorbent dosage is increased from 0.05 to 1 g after 120min contact time. The Langmuir isotherm model and the second-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data compared to other studied models. The results showed that the modified adsorbent could be used an effective and readily available low-cost adsorbent for the removal of chlorophenols in industrial applications

A review of toxicological, environmental and health effects of chromium from aqueous medium; available removal techniques

Heavy metals are unwanted pollutants introduced directly and indirectly into the environment and ecological currents through the discharge of industrial wastewaters. Many of them, like hexavalent chromium, easily enter biological organs resulting in acute toxicity and damage to kidney, liver, and lung due to their maximum oxidation state in comparison with their other compounds. On the other hand, they incur irrecoverable effects on the environment and ecosystems. Accordingly, human beings need processes and technologies to lessen the danger of these pollutants; in order to remove chromium from aquatic environments, various methods including physical, chemical, and biological methods have been important. Among them, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, electro dialysis, chemical deposition, and adsorption are popular. In practice, in order to apply each of the mentioned treatment methods, preliminary studies for applicability, the required expertise, and the costs of construction and operation are necessary

Optimization of the electrocoagulation process for sulfate removal using response surface methodology

Sulfate concentrations affected on the natural sulfur cycle in the anaerobic treatment, therefore pretreatment of wastewater containing sulfate must be considered. In this work electrocoagulation techniques have considered as an effective and environmentally friendly process for desulfurization from wastewater. Three factors including initial pH, initial sulfate concentration and current density were selected as the effective factors and were optimized using response surface methodology. An initial pH of 8, initial sulfate concentration of80mg/l and current density of12mA/cm(2)were determined to be optimum values by the statistical models. The maximum sulfate removal and minimum sludge generation under optimal conditions were 68.5% and 0.075g, respectively. The kinetics of sulfate removal study investigated the pseudo-first models were better described experimental data and was selected as overall kinetic removal of sulfate

Future of Sludge Management

Managing sludge is a crucial component of wastewater treatment plants. As the amount of sludge produced continues to grow, it is necessary to explore future strategies and technologies for sustainable sludge management. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the future of sludge management, with an emphasis on emerging technologies and sustainable practices. The chapter stresses the significance of environmentally sustainable and cost-effective sludge management and extensively evaluates the technological, economic, and environmental criteria for assessing sludge management strategies. The chapter explores innovative methods for handling sewage sludge and its reuse, as well as emerging technologies for sustainable sludge management. It assesses the economic feasibility of advanced treatment technologies and sludge-based products, considering beneficial sludge utilization such as land application, energy recovery, alternative fuel sources, construction materials, and resource recovery. Lastly, the chapter discusses future developments in sludge management, including issues and trends. Recent research findings are utilized to provide insights into the future of sludge management that can guide decision-making and policy development in the field