293 research outputs found
Professional Reading: Review Article, Managerial Style in the Interwar Navy: A Reappraisal
Pearl Harbor as Histor
Time and space resolution and mixed layer model accuracy
The oceanic turbulent boundary layer is a critical region to understand for oceanic and atmospheric prediction. This thesis answers two fundamental questions: (1) what is the response of the ocean mixed layer system to transient forcing at the air sea surface? (2) what is the necessary time and space resolution in an ocean mixed layer model to resolve important transient responses? Beginning with replication of de Szoeke and Rhines' work, additional physical processes were added to include more realistic viscous dissipation and anisotropy in the three-dimensional turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget. These refinements resulted in modification of de Szoeke and Rhines' findings. Firstly, TKE unsteadiness is important for a minimum of 10 to the 5th power seconds. Secondly, viscous dissipation should not be approximated as simply proportional to shear production. Thirdly, entrainment shear production remains significant for a minimum of one pendulum-day. The required temporal model resolution is dependent on the phenomena to be studied. This study focused on the diurnal, synoptic, and annual cycles, which the one-hour time step of the Naval Postgraduate School model adequately resolves. The study of spatial resolution showed unexpectedly that model skill was comparable for 1 m, 10 m and even 20 m vertical grid spacinghttp://archive.org/details/timespaceresolut00honeLieutenant, United States NavyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Fossilized skin reveals coevolution with feathers and metabolism in feathered dinosaurs and early birds
Feathers are remarkable evolutionary innovations that are associated with complex adaptations of the skin in modern birds. Fossilised feathers in non-avian dinosaurs and basal birds provide insights into feather evolution, but how associated integumentary adaptations evolved is unclear. Here we report the discovery of fossil skin, preserved with remarkable nanoscale fidelity, in three non-avian maniraptoran dinosaurs and a basal bird from the Cretaceous Jehol biota (China). The skin comprises patches of desquamating epidermal corneocytes that preserve a cytoskeletal array of helically coiled α-keratin tonofibrils. This structure confirms that basal birds and non-avian dinosaurs shed small epidermal flakes as in modern mammals and birds, but structural differences imply that these Cretaceous taxa had lower body heat production than modern birds. Feathered epidermis acquired many, but not all, anatomically modern attributes close to the base of the Maniraptora by the Middle Jurassic
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