Benton, Michael J.

Hone, David W. E.

English

Universität München: Elektronischen Publikationen

Contrasting supertree and total-evidence methods: the origin of the pterosaurs

Open Access LMU ( Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ. München)

(A/P) B57 - Neural spines with specialised intervertebral facets E105

1-1 alignment between dorsal body osteoderms and vertebrae (A/P)

9-10 pairs of caudal ribs E117

Against consensus.

an indicator of whether there is a complete lower temporal bar (low and with anterior process / tall with reduced anterior process)

and contacts distal tarsal 4 / P and does not contact

and does not connect to tibia / P and contacts tibia

Angular reduced to less than 1/3 /3 / rd lateral height of jaw E136

Anterior apron of pubis (A/P)

Anterior caudal ribs expanded distally E106

Anterior inferior process of prootica (A/P)

Anteroposterior width of scapula (broad /

Anteroventral process of squamosal (broad ventrally with distal width that is approx. equal to dorsoventral height / narrow ventrally with distal width less than dorsoventral height /

Ascending process of astraglus ﬁ tting between ﬁ bula and tibia (A/P)

Astagalar posterior groove (P/A) B119 Astraglus (not transversely widened /

Astragalar tibial and ﬁ bular facets (separated /

Astragalus and calcaneum fuse in juvenile E140

Astragalus and calcaneum unfused or fused J23

Astragalus-calcaneum articulation (concave-convex absent /

Astragular tibial facet (concave / saddle shaped)

Atlantal intercentrum (normal /

B104 - Anterior border of scapulocoracoid with 2 emarginations E191 AUTAPOMORPHY Squamata - Enlarged coracoid process for triceps E8

Bird-like distal end of femur (A/P)

Calcaneal facets for ﬁ bula and distal tarsal (separated /

Calcaneal tubercle orientation (orientated less than 45 degrees, shaft taller than broad / orientated > than 45, shaft broader than tall)

Caudal autotomy E134 - Loss of caudal anatomy E165 ALL “0”s - Caudal zygapophyseal facets (disposed no more than 45-60 degrees from horizontal / nearly vertical)

Caudal zygapophysis (inclined / nearly or fully vertical) D129

Centra of cervical vertebrae 3-6 (no more than moderately inclined / steeply inclined)

Cervical centra shorter than mid-dorsals D81, E67 / 196 - Cervical intercentra form hypapophyses E189 AUTAPOMORPHY Squamata AUTAPOMORPHY Squamata AUTAPOMORPHY - Mammillary processes on neural spines of posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae E7

Cervical rib accessory process (A/P)

Cervical vertebrae longer than dorsals E4

Chisel-like premaxillary region E156

Club-shaped ventral ramus of opisthotic (A/P) B12, D46 - Paroccipital process of the opisthotic (do not contact suspensorials / contact suspensorial with tapered distal ends / contact with vertically expanded distal ends)

Complete abducens canal and dorsum sellae E133

Contact between ectopyerygoid and maxilla (A/P)

Contact between vomer and maxilla (A/P)

Coracoid (large plate / small with sub-circular proﬁ le)

Coracoid tubercle (not displaced dorsally / lies close to glenoid fossa and coracoid foramen)

Cranial margin of cervical neural arch (straight /

Crocodyloid tarsus (A/P)

Curvature of haemal spines (no curvature / cranial curvature present)

D14 - Septomaxilla elaborated to protect vomeronasal organ E177

Deltopectoral crest (extends less than  down humerus / extends more) B66 - Distal end of humerus (wider than proximal end

Deltopectoral crest shape (crescentic / subrectangular) B108 - Apex of deltopectoral crest (less distally placed on humerus

Dentary-coronoid-surangular proﬁ le (horizontal to convex / concave caudal to coronoid) D73

Dentary-splenial mandibular symphysis length (distally positioned / present along

Depth of lower jaw measured at max. height of adductor fossa relative to length of jaw from tip to articular (<25%

Dimensions of cervical neural spine (tall with height and width approx. equal / long and low with height < width) BA20, D82, E34,

Distal condyles of metacarpal I (perpendicular to long axis / offset / offset so ungal is enlarged)

Distal ends of caudal neural spines (not expanded /

Distal ends of cervical neural spines (no expansion / expansion present in form of ﬂ at table)

Divergence of dentaries cranial to symphysis (A/P)

Division of presacaral vertebral column into cervical, cervicodorsal and dorsal regions (A/P)

Dorsal ribs holocephalous (N/Y)

Dorsomedial process of premaxilla (extends beyond narial openings / reduced) BA1,

Ectepicondylar foramen or groove of humerus (P/A)

Elements contributing to lateral border of suborbital fenestra (ectopterygoid, palatine and maxilla / or ectopterygoid and palatine contact to exclude maxilla) D41 - Antorbital fenestra position (separate from naris / close to naris) B42

Elongation of temporal and antorbital regions E164

epiphyses with discrete centres E138 - Elongation of vertebral column by addition of pre-sacrals E166

Exoccipital and opisthotic (separate /

External mandibular fenestra B49,

External nares conﬂ uent, no median dorsal process on premaxilla E206

External nares shape (rounded / elongate) D12 - External nares are placed posteriorly

External naris elongated anteroposteriorly and close to midline (N/Y)

Femoral shaft curvature (not markedly sigmoid /

Fibula tin and strongly tapered distally (A/P)

Fibular anterior trochanter (crest-shaped and lowed / knob-shaped and robust)

Fibular distal end width (less than proximal end /

Fifth metatarsal very short and geometrical E57

First caudal (separate from sacrum /

First distal carpal lost or fused BA31, E40,

Foramen for entrance of internal carotid arteries (lateral wall of braincase / ventral surface of parasphenoid)

Forelimb length (greater than or equal to half of hindlimb / less than half) B107 - Limbs reduced with respect to presacral vertebral column

Form of suture b/w premaxilla and maxilla above dentigerous margin (simple vertical or diagonal contact /

Fourth distal tarsal has dorsal process meeting recess in astragalocalcaneum E120

Fourth metatarsal elongated, forms at least 40% of digit

Fourth metatarsal is at least 3X length of ﬁ fth metatarsal BA45,

Fourth trochanter of femur (absent / mound-like / sharp ﬂ ange) B81 - Distal articular surface of femur level D110, E19

Glenoid fossa of scapulocoracoid (faces laterally /

Haemal spines large and plate like B127, D91,

Hemicylindrical calcaneal condyle (A/P)

Hindlimb posture (sprawling / semi-erect or erect) B78

Humerus with strong entepicondyle E102 - Humerus greater than or equal to length of femur D106,

Iliac spine (A/P)

Ilium short in relation to ischium BA34,

Ilium with reduced contribution to acetabulum D102,

Ilium with strong pubic ﬂ ange D110, E139

Intercentra of postaxial presacral vertebrae (P/A)

Interclavicle T-shaped or cruciform E200/ 226 Appendicular Characters:

Intervertebral articulation formed by zygosphene-zygantrum (N/Y)

ischium (puboisichadic plate and broad contact b/w pubis and ischium / plate absent and bones shot and broad / plate absent, bones elongate) B74,

J6 - Epipterygoid reduced to slender column E180 AUTAPOMORPHY Squamata - Paroccipital process, supratemporal and parietal closely associated and providing support for head of the quadrate

Lacrimal (contacts nasal and reaches external naris / does not contact or reach)

Lacrimal extent (element runs forward from the orbit / restricted to the orbital rim in lateral view)

Lacrimal fails to meet nasal D15, E35, J50 - Lacrimal contact with nasal (P/A)

Last few dorsals with fused ribs BA25,

Lateral manus centrale meets second distal carpal E193

Lateral pes centrale fused to astragalus E141

Lateral surface of jugal above maxilla (continuous / lateral shelf present) B8,

Lateral surface of prootica (continuous and slightly convex/crista prootica present) D47,

http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12006/1/zitteliana_2008_b28_04.pdf

Contrasting supertree and total-evidence methods: the origin of the pterosaurs

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Universität München: Elektronischen Publikationen

Open Access LMU ( Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ. München)