An Evaluation of Laminated Offset Jawed Traps for Reducing Injuries to Coyotes

Increasing public concern about injuries caused by foothold traps has resulted in a considerable amount of research for more humane traps. Much of this research effort has focused on evaluating the Victor No. 3 Soft-Catch trap manufactured by Woodstream Corporation, Lititz, Pennsylvania (Linhart and Dasch 1992). Research has concentrated on two major areas: (1) efficiency and selectivity of different trap types and modifications used for capturing coyotes (Canis latrans) and (2) reducing animal injuries associated with trapping (Phillips and Mullis 1991). The Soft-Catch trap has been shown to reduce foot injury sustained by most captured furbearers (Tullar 1984, Olsen et al. 1986, Linhart et al. 1988, Olsen et al. 1988, Onderka et al. 1990)

Multimodal treatment of recurrent sinonasal cryptococcal granulomas in a horse

Case Description-A 7-year-old 509-kg (1,120-Ib) Tennessee Walking Horse mare was evaluated because of bilateral mucosanguinous nasal discharge, intermittent right-sided epistaxis, and worsening dyspnea of 9 months' duration. Clinical Findings-Multiple masses in the nasopharynx were detected via endoscopic and radiographic examinations. Cytologic and histologic examinations of biopsy specimens of 1 mass revealed round yeasts with thick nonstaining capsules and occasional narrow-based budding that resembled cryptococcal organisms. Treatment and Outcome-Oral administration of fluconazole and organic ethylenediamine dihydriodide and intermittent intralesional injections with fluconazole, amphotericin B, and formalin resulted in resolution of lesions for a period of 2.5 years.The horse then developed exophthalmos, recurring clinical signs, and extensive nasopharyngeal masses. The masses were surgically debulked via a large frontonasal bone flap, and the horse was treated with IV injections of amphotericin B and long-term oral administration of fluconazole. Clinical signs did not recur in the following 2-year period. A presumptive diagnosis of cryptococcosis was made following cytologic and histologic evaluations of the masses; results of serologic analysis and fungal culture confirmed infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. Clinical Relevance-Cryptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract in horses has previously been described as a uniformly fatal disease. As this case report illustrates, medical and surgical treatment of sinonasal cryptococcal granulomas in horses may be successful, but the importance of long-term follow-up and the potential for disease recrudescence should be considered. As efficacious antifungal agents become less expensive, their increased use will likely decrease mortality rates in horses with fungal infections

Β\u3csub\u3e1\u3c/sub\u3e-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade Attenuates Angiotensin II-Mediated Catecholamine Release Into the Cardiac Interstitium in Mitral Regurgitation

Background - This study tested the hypothesis that β1-adrenoreceptor blockade modulates the angiotensin II (Ang II)-evoked neural release of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) into the cardiac interstitial fluid (ISF) space in experimentally induced mitral regurgitation (MR) in the dog. Methods and Results - Normal dogs (n=8) were compared with dogs with MR of 2 (n=8) and 4 (n=6) weeks\u27 duration and with dogs with MR treated with β1-receptor blockade (RB; extended-release metoprolol succinate, 100 mg QD; MR+β1-RB) that was started 24 hours after MR induction for 2 (n=6) and 4 weeks (n=8). Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension increased 20% as plasma Ang II levels increased \u3e5-fold in both MR and MR+β1-RB dogs at 2 and 4 weeks. Ang II infusion into the left atrium produced increases in ISF NE and Epi in normal dogs, which were further increased in 2- and 4-week MR dogs but were restored to normal in 4-week MR+β1-RB dogs. Ang II infusion produced 4-fold increases in circulating NE and Epi in 2- and 4-week MR dogs that returned to normal in 4-week+β1-RB dogs. Left ventricular angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and ISF Ang II were increased in 4-week MR dogs but were decreased in 4-week MR+β1-RB dogs. Conclusions - β1-RB decreases renin-angiotensin system sympathostimulation and activation by attenuating the Ang II-mediated NE and Epi release into the cardiac ISF and circulation and by decreasing left ventricular angiotensin-converting enzyme expression in the early phases of volume overload

Table_1_Case report: Intraneural perineurioma in dogs: a case series and brief literature review.docx

Intraneural perineurioma is an exceptionally rare neoplasm in animals. This case study comprises a series of three cases and a brief literature review focusing on canine intraneural perineurioma. The pathological and immunohistochemical findings are documented, revealing that canine intraneural perineurioma frequently affects adult dogs aged between 3 and 10 years old, with a male predominance. Clinical signs associated with intraneural perineurioma in dogs include spinal pain, lameness, and paresis, resulting from the involvement of spinal nerve roots of the pelvic limbs, brachial plexus, or distal part of the median nerve. Most neoplasms had characteristic pseudo-onion bulb patterns on histopathology. Neoplastic perineurial cells, in most cases, expressed laminin and claudin-1, and NF200 consistently highlighted the central axon. While the immunohistochemical (IHC) profile of intraneural perineurioma in veterinary medicine remains incompletely characterized, the available IHC data from all reported cases suggest that a combination of laminin and claudin-1 immunomarkers, along with distinctive histological features, can assist in establishing a definitive diagnosis of intraneural perineurioma.</p

Β\u3csub\u3e1\u3c/sub\u3e-Adrenoceptor Blockade Mitigates Excessive Norepinephrine Release Into Cardiac Interstitium in Mitral Regurgitation in Dog

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is associated with increased neuronal release of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EP) into myocardial interstitial fluid (ISF) that may be necessary in sustaining left ventricular (LV) function via activation of cardiomyocyte β-adrenergic receptors (ARs). However, activation of neuronal β-ARs on cardiac neurons may lead to further catecholamine release, with an attendant risk of functional deterioration. We hypothesize that a beneficial effect of β-AR blockade may therefore mitigate excessive catecholamine release from cardiac adrenergic neurons in dogs with MR. We measured the effects of chronic β-receptor blockade (β-RB) on ISF NE and EP release using in vivo microdialysis in open-chest anesthetized dogs after 4 wk of MR with or without extended release of metoprolol succinate (100 mg/day) as well as in control dogs. Fractional shortening increased by 30% in both MR and MR + β-RB dogs after 4 wk of MR. In MR + β-RB dogs, stellate-stimulated heart rate change was attenuated compared with control and MR dogs, whereas peak change of LV pressure over time (+dP/dt) increased equally in all groups. Stellate-stimulated ISF NE increased fivefold over baseline in MR versus twofold in control dogs (\u3c0.05), but the NE release was significantly attenuated in MR + β-RB dogs. In contrast, stellate-stimulated increases in ISF EP did not differ in control, MR, and MR + β-RB dogs. This study demonstrates that β-RB attenuates ISF NE release from cardiac neurons and that the LV functional response to MR is not dependent on an excess increase in ISF NE. Thus β1-RB may exert a beneficial effect by attenuating untoward effects of excessive sympathetic efferent neural NE release while sustaining early LV functional adaptation to MR