In the Wake of a Report

**TW: Sexual Assault Earlier in the semester, many students and professors gathered in the Junction from 10 am until well into the evening to watch as Christine Blasey Ford and now Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh were each questioned at length. In all that has happened in the past two years, the looming feeling that spread through campus on this day was the closest rival to that which invaded campus on the morning of November 9th, 2016. [excerpt

Resilience and Pedagogy: Learning From International Field Studies in Urban Resilience in Canada and Germany

What impact does an immersive, international field school experience have on learning about urban resilience; and conversely, what impact does a framing concept of urban resilience have on international field schools in environmental and planning studies? This article reports on qualitative analysis of learning outcomes related to a novel pair of international field schools on the theme of urban resilience. Our field schools took place with German and Canadian students seeking to understand urban resilience in two different contexts, one a context of urban decline and post-industrial transformation, the other a context of urban growth encountering new climate change-related constraints. We found that the elements attributed the most importance for learning by students were the immersive experience of instrumental efforts being taken to advance urban resilience and the opportunity to see concepts of urban resilience put into action in the field. Mixed success was achieved in the students’ ability to incorporate more intrinsic understandings of urban resilience into their experiences; in particular, instructors’ expectations of students’ readiness to engage in social and peer learning were tested, as were the complications in navigating across instrumentalist and intrinsic understandings of urban resilience. This review of field school and resilience pedagogy offers insight into the challenges of teaching and learning in the terrain of urban resilience

Understanding human factors in patient safety when prescribing

How human factors can help in developing safe prescribing practices and reduce error risk

Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the molecular typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

This work was funded by Public Health England. These studies were supported by funding initiatives by the National Institute for Social Care and Health Research (NISCHR; research support from the Welsh Government) via the registered research group Microbial and Infection Translational Research Group (MITReG) and Children and Young Persons Research Network (CYPRN).Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major human respiratory pathogen causing both upper and lower respiratory disease in humans of all ages, and it can also result in other serious extrapulmonary sequelae. A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for M. pneumoniae was developed based on the sequences of eight housekeeping genes (ppa, pgm, gyrB, gmk, glyA, atpA, arcC, and adk) and applied to 55 M. pneumoniae clinical isolates and the two type strains M129 and FH. A total of 12 sequence types (STs) resulted for 57 M. pneumoniae isolates tested, with a discriminatory index of 0.21 STs per isolate. The MLST loci used in this scheme were shown to be stable in 10 strains following 10 sequential subculture passages. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of the eight loci indicated two distinct genetic clusters that were directly linked to multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) type. Genetic MLST clustering was confirmed by genomic sequence analysis, indicating that the MLST scheme developed in this study is representative of the genome. Furthermore, this MLST scheme was shown to be more discriminatory than both MLVA and P1 typing for the M. pneumoniae isolates examined, providing a method for further and more detailed analysis of observed epidemic peaks of M. pneumoniae infection. This scheme is supported by a public Web-based database (http://pubmlst.org/mpneumoniae).PostprintPeer reviewe

Whole genome sequencing and molecular epidemiology of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Algeria

Funding: This research was funded by the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (DGRSDT/MESRS), and by grants from the Wellcome Trust (098731/z/11/z to St Andrews University Bioinformatics Unit) and to the Chief Scientists Office (SIRN10 to M.T.G.H.), and the National Institute for Health Research, Medical Research Council and the Department of Health and Social Care (MR/S004785/1 to M.T.G.H.); this award is also part of the EDCTP2 program supported by the European Union.Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen responsible for various healthcare- and community-acquired infections. In this study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to genotype S. aureus clinical isolates from two hospitals in Algeria and to characterize their genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance. Seventeen S. aureus isolates were included in this study. WGS, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogenetic analysis, in silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and in silico antimicrobial resistance profiling were performed. Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Vitek 2 system and the disk diffusion method. The isolates were separated into sequence types (STs), with ST80 being predominant; five clonal complexes (CCs); four spa types (t044, t127, t368, t386); and two SCCmec types (IVc and IVa). Whole genome analysis revealed the presence of the resistance genes mecA, blaZ, ermC, fusB, fusC, tetK, aph(3′)-IIIa and aad(6) and mutations conferring resistance in the genes parC and fusA. The rate of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 64%. This work provides a high-resolution characterization of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates and emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance to monitor the spread of S. aureus in healthcare settings in the country.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Reptile Embryos Lack the Opportunity to Thermoregulate by Moving within the Egg

Historically, egg-bound reptile embryos were thought to passively thermoconform to the nest environment. However, recent observations of thermal taxis by embryos of multiple reptile species have led to the widely discussed hypothesis that embryos behaviorally thermoregulate. Because temperature affects development, such thermoregulation could allow embryos to control their fate far more than historically assumed. We assessed the opportunity for embryos to behaviorally thermoregulate in nature by examining thermal gradients within natural nests and eggs of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina; which displays embryonic thermal taxis) and by simulating thermal gradients within nests across a range of nest depths, egg sizes, and soil types. We observed little spatial thermal variation within nests, and thermal gradients were poorly transferred to eggs. Furthermore, thermal gradients sufficiently large and constant for behavioral thermoregulation were not predicted to occur in our simulations. Gradients of biologically relevant magnitude have limited global occurrence and reverse direction twice daily when they do exist, which is substantially faster than embryos can shift position within the egg. Our results imply that reptile embryos will rarely, if ever, have the opportunity to behaviorally thermoregulate by moving within the egg. We suggest that embryonic thermal taxis instead represents a play behavior, which may be adaptive or selectively neutral, and results from the mechanisms for behavioral thermoregulation in free-living stages coming online prior to hatching

Colorimetric and Longitudinal Analysis of Leukocoria in Recreational Photographs of Children with Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in children. The first sign that is often reported by parents is the appearance of recurrent leukocoria (i.e., “white eye”) in recreational photographs. A quantitative definition or scale of leukocoria – as it appears during recreational photography – has not been established, and the amount of clinical information contained in a leukocoric image (collected by a parent) remains unknown. Moreover, the hypothesis that photographic leukocoria can be a sign of early stage retinoblastoma has not been tested for even a single patient. This study used commercially available software (Adobe Photoshop®) and standard color space conversion algorithms (operable in Microsoft Excel®) to quantify leukocoria in actual “baby pictures” of 9 children with retinoblastoma (that were collected by parents during recreational activities i.e., in nonclinical settings). One particular patient with bilateral retinoblastoma (“Patient Zero”) was photographed >7, 000 times by his parents (who are authors of this study) over three years: from birth, through diagnosis, treatment, and remission. This large set of photographs allowed us to determine the longitudinal and lateral frequency of leukocoria throughout the patient's life. This study establishes: (i) that leukocoria can emerge at a low frequency in early-stage retinoblastoma and increase in frequency during disease progression, but decrease upon disease regression, (ii) that Hue, Saturation and Value (i.e., HSV color space) are suitable metrics for quantifying the intensity of retinoblastoma-linked leukocoria; (iii) that different sets of intraocular retinoblastoma tumors can produce distinct leukocoric reflections; and (iv) the Saturation-Value plane of HSV color space represents a convenient scale for quantifying and classifying pupillary reflections as they appear during recreational photography

The effects of flavonoid supplementation on the mental health of postpartum mothers

Introduction: During the postpartum period, parents face psychological challenges and resultantly, changes in mood and associated mood disorders have become increasingly prevalent in the 6-months following birth. Dietary flavonoids have been found to benefit mood and are therefore an appealing non-pharmacological option for potentially treating mood disorders in the postpartum. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a two-week dietary flavonoid intervention would improve mothers’ and fathers’ mental health in the immediate 6-month postpartum period. Method: The study employed a randomised, parallel groups, controlled design to explore the effects of a flavonoid intervention versus control group on several outcomes, including mood (PANAS), postpartum depression (EPDS), postpartum anxiety (PSAS-RSF-C) and quality of life (WHOQOL). Sixty participants (mothers n=40, fathers n=20) in the 6-month post-partum period were randomised to either a ‘flavonoid’ or ‘control’ condition. The flavonoid group were asked to add two flavonoid-rich foods (approximate flavonoid intake 218mg/day) into their daily diet whilst controls (n=23) were asked to continue with their usual diet for two-weeks (ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04990622). Results: Significant effects were found in the flavonoid group where mothers reported higher positive affect and lower postpartum depression after the two-week intervention relative to baseline. This finding is especially relevant as a clinical reduction in postpartum depression scores in the flavonoid group by on average 2.6 scoring points was observed, which equated to a reduction from ‘possible depression’ at baseline to ‘little or no depression’ at 2-weeks, which was not observed in the control group. Fathers’ data was not analysed due to non-compliance with the intervention. Discussion: This study provides evidence for the benefits of a dietary flavonoid intervention for mood and mental health in new mothers, supporting the utility of non-pharmacological, self—administrable changes to the diet for improving positive mood outcomes and reducing symptoms of postpartum depression in mothers during an especially challenging time. Further research for the effect of dietary interventions on paternal mental health is needed

Self-Organizing Maps For Knowledge Discovery From Corporate Databases To Develop Risk Based Prioritization For Stagnation

Stagnation or low turnover of water within water distribution systems may result in water quality issues, even for relatively short durations of stagnation / low turnover if other factors such as deteriorated aging pipe infrastructure are present. As leakage management strategies, including the creation of smaller pressure management zones, are implemented increasingly more dead ends are being created within networks and hence potentially there is an increasing risk to water quality due to stagnation / low turnover. This paper presents results of applying data driven tools to the large corporate databases maintained by UK water companies. These databases include multiple information sources such as asset data, regulatory water quality sampling, customer complaints etc. A range of techniques exist for exploring the interrelationships between various types of variables, with a number of studies successfully using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to probe complex data sets. Self Organising Maps (SOMs), are a class of unsupervised ANN that perform dimensionality reduction of the feature space to yield topologically ordered maps, have been used successfully for similar problems to that posed here. Notably for this application, SOM are trained without classes attached in an unsupervised fashion. Training combines competitive learning (learning the position of a data cloud) and co-operative learning (self-organising of neighbourhoods). Specifically, in this application SOMs performed multidimensional data analysis of a case study area (covering a town for an eight year period). The visual output of the SOM analysis provides a rapid and intuitive means of examining covariance between variables and exploring hypotheses for increased understanding. For example, water age (time from system entry, from hydraulic modelling) in combination with high pipe specific residence time and old cast iron pipe were found to be strong explanatory variables. This derived understanding could ultimately be captured in a tool providing risk based prioritisation scores