Epitypification of the Central African Cantharellus densifolius and C. luteopunctatus allows for the recognition of two additional species

Cantharellus densifolius and C. luteopunctatus are epitypified on the basis of recently collected specimens from the Central African rain forest that correspond in every way to their respective original descriptions. Sequences obtained from these new collections demonstrate that both epitypes represent distinct species that belong in different subclades of Cantharellus subg. Rubrinus. Previously, the name C. densifolius has been consistently misapplied to more or less similar species from the African woodland area, including C. densilamellatus sp. nov. which is described here, In addition, C. tomentosoides sp. nov., a rain forest species that is easily confused with C. densifolius, is described

Une formation professionnelle universitaire pour tous les enseignants

Cet article retrace et compare l’histoire de la formation professionnelle universitaire des enseignants du primaire et du secondaire durant le xxe siècle en Suisse, à la croisée des aires culturelles germanophones et francophones. Il met en lumière et discute trois tensions inhérentes au processus d’universitarisation : 1) entre les différentes instances concernées par la définition des cursus de formation ; 2) autour de la nature des savoirs de référence qui fondent la profession ; 3) par rapport à la division interne de la profession entre les niveaux d’enseignement primaire et secondaire.This paper describes and compares the history of primary and secondary school teachers’ professional training at university during the xxth century in Switzerland, at the crossroads of German-speaking and French-speaking cultural areas. It sheds light on and discusses three types of tensions inherent to the process of universitarization: 1) between the different actors in charge of the definition of training curricula ; 2) around the contents of the reference knowledge which founds the profession ; 3) concerning the internal division in the profession between primary and secondary school teachers.Este artículo describe y compara la historia de la formación profesional universitaria de los profesores de la escuela primaria y media durante el siglo xx en Suiza, en la encrucijada de las áreas culturales germanófonas y francófonas. Pone en evidencia y discute tres tensiones inherentes al proceso de universitarización: 1) entre las diferentes instancias concernidas por la definición de los estudios universitarios de formación; 2) alrededor de la naturaleza de los saberes de referencia que fundan la profesión; 3) con relación a la división interna de la profesión entre los niveles de ense–anza primaria y media.Dieser Artikel schildert die Geschichte der universitären Berufsbildung der Lehrer der Grundschule und der Sekundarstufe im xx. Jahrhundert in der Schweiz und vergleicht ihre Formen in den deutsch-und französischsprachigen Regionen. Er bringt drei dem Universitarisierungsprozess inhärente Spannungen ans Licht und beschreibt sie: 1) zwischen den verschiedenen Instanzen, die durch die Definition der Ausbildungslehrgänge betroffen werden; 2) was die Natur der Referenzkenntnisse betrifft, auf denen der Beruf beruht; 3) der internen Spaltung des Berufs zwischen der Grundschule und der Sekundarstufe gegenüber

Uma Formação Profissional Universitária para todos os Professores: o exemplo da Suíça no século XX

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-6236112168Uma Formação Profissional Universitária para todos os Professores: o exemplo da Suíça no século XX1. Este artigo reconstitui e compara a história da formação profissional universitária de professores do ensino primário e secundário durante o século XX na Suíça, cotejando os desenvolvimentos nas áreas culturais germanófonas e francófonas. Ele apresenta e discute três tensões inerentes ao processo de universitarização: 1) entre as diferentes instâncias envolvidas na definição dos cursos de formação; 2) em torno da natureza dos saberes de referência que sustentam a profissão docente; 3) em relação à divisão interna da profissão entre os níveis de ensino primário e secundário. Palavras-chave: Professor Primário. Professor Secundário. Formação Profissional Universitária. Saber de Referência. Ciências da Educação

How To Make A Pie: Reproducible Research for Empirical Economics & Econometrics

Empirical economics and econometrics (EEE) research now relies primarily on the application of code to datasets. Handling the workflow linking datasets, programs, results and finally manuscript(s) is essential if one wish to reproduce results, which is now increasingly required by journals and institutions. We underline here the importance of “reproducible research” in EEE and suggest three simple principles to follow. We illustrate these principles with good habits and tools, with particular focus on their implementation in most popular software and languages in applied economics

How To Make A Pie: Reproducible Research for Empirical Economics & Econometrics

Empirical economics and econometrics (EEE) research now relies primarily on the application of code to datasets. Handling the workflow linking datasets, programs, results and finally manuscript(s) is essential if one wish to reproduce results, which is now increasingly required by journals and institutions. We underline here the importance of “reproducible research” in EEE and suggest three simple principles to follow. We illustrate these principles with good habits and tools, with particular focus on their implementation in most popular software and languages in applied economics

Fungal biodiversity profiles 21–30

The authors describe ten new taxa for science using mostly both morphological and molecular data. In Basidiomycota, descriptions are provided for Botryobasidium fusisporum sp. nov., B. triangulosporum sp. nov., Cantharellus hydnoides sp. nov. and Hydnum aerostatisporum sp. nov. in Cantharellales; Lactarius rahjamalensis sp. nov. and Russula pseudoaurantiophylla sp. nov. in Russulales and for Mycena paraguayensis comb. nov. in Agaricales. In Ascomycota and hyphomycetes, descriptions are provided for Colletotrichurn eryngiicola sp. nov. (Glomerellales), Corynesporella indica sp. nov. (incertae sedis) and Repetophragma zygopetali sp. nov. (Microthyriales)

Finding needles in haystacks:Linking scientific names, reference specimens and molecular data for Fungi

DNA phylogenetic comparisons have shown that morphology-based species recognition often underestimates fungal diversity. Therefore, the need for accurate DNA sequence data, tied to both correct taxonomic names and clearly annotated specimen data, has never been greater. Furthermore, the growing number of molecular ecology and microbiome projects using high-throughput sequencing require fast and effective methods for en masse species assignments. In this article, we focus on selecting and re-annotating a set of marker reference sequences that represent each currently accepted order of Fungi. The particular focus is on sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region in the nuclear ribosomal cistron, derived from type specimens and/or ex-type cultures. Reannotated and verified sequences were deposited in a curated public database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), namely the RefSeq Targeted Loci (RTL) database, and will be visible during routine sequence similarity searches with NR_prefixed accession numbers. A set of standards and protocols is proposed to improve the data quality of new sequences, and we suggest how type and other reference sequences can be used to improve identification of Fungi.The Intramural Research Programs of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine and the National Human Genome Research Institute, both at the National Institutes of Health.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA177353am201