The Origin, Early Evolution and Predictability of Solar Eruptions

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) were discovered in the early 1970s when space-borne coronagraphs revealed that eruptions of plasma are ejected from the Sun. Today, it is known that the Sun produces eruptive flares, filament eruptions, coronal mass ejections and failed eruptions; all thought to be due to a release of energy stored in the coronal magnetic field during its drastic reconfiguration. This review discusses the observations and physical mechanisms behind this eruptive activity, with a view to making an assessment of the current capability of forecasting these events for space weather risk and impact mitigation. Whilst a wealth of observations exist, and detailed models have been developed, there still exists a need to draw these approaches together. In particular more realistic models are encouraged in order to asses the full range of complexity of the solar atmosphere and the criteria for which an eruption is formed. From the observational side, a more detailed understanding of the role of photospheric flows and reconnection is needed in order to identify the evolutionary path that ultimately means a magnetic structure will erupt

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

A review of symptomatic leg length inequality following total hip arthroplasty

Leg length inequality (LLI) following total hip replacement is a complication which features increasingly in the recent literature. The definition of LLI is complicated by lack of consensus regarding radiological measurement, clinical measurement and the incomplete relationship between LLI and associated symptoms. This paper reviews 79 reports relating to LLI post hip replacement, detailing definitions and classification and highlighting patient populations prone to symptomatic LLI. While there is no universal definition of LLI, there is a broad consensus that less than 10 mm of difference on AP view plain radiographs is clinically acceptable. There are few techniques described that consistently produce a postoperative LLI of less than this magnitude. Where postoperative LLI exists, lengthening appears to cause more problems than shortening. In cases of mild LLI, non-surgical management produces adequate outcomes in the majority of cases, with functional LLI cases doing better than those with true LLI. Operative correction is effective in half of cases, even where nerve palsy is present, and remains an important option of last resort. Poor outcomes in patients with LLI may be minimised if individuals at risk are identified and counselled appropriately

Implementing precision methods in personalizing psychological therapies: barriers and possible ways forward

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordData availability: No data was used for the research described in the article.Highlights: • Personalizing psychological treatments means to customize treatment for individuals to enhance outcomes. • The application of precision methods to clinical psychology has led to data-driven psychological therapies. • Applying data-informed psychological therapies involves clinical, technical, statistical, and contextual aspects

Architectura : Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Baukunst

Abstract. Determining the positions of the sensor nodes in a network is essential to many network functionalities such as routing, coverage and tracking, and event detection. The localization problem for sensor networks is to reconstruct the positions of all of the sensors in a network, given the distances between all pairs of sensors that are within some radius r of each other. In the past few years, many algorithms for solving the localization problem were proposed, without knowing the computational complexity of the problem. In this paper, we show that no polynomial-time algorithm can solve this problem in the worst case, even for sets of distance pairs for which a unique solution exists, unless RP = NP. We also discuss the consequences of our result and present open problems.

SPATIAL SHIFTS OF SUITABILITY FOR THE WINE PRODUCTION IN EUROPEAN WINE REGIONS

International audienceResearch in the last two decades reveal significant shifts in viticulture and the wine production as an effect of climate change. The 0.89 °C increase of average global temperature during the XX century has as a consequences today a faster development of grapevine growing stages and early maturation of the grapes, higher sugar accumulation in grapes and lower acidity, changing the well-known sensory profile of wines, changing the specific climate of traditional vineyards, the diminution of climate suitability for the wine production in Mediterranean climate zone and the emergence of areas with viticultural potential beyond the northern limit of vine culture (50 ° N). Expected increases by 1.4...5.8 ° C of global average temperature to end of sec. XX will accentuate these effects and will radically change the spatial distribution of viticulture on the globe as well as the structure of the wine types production, as we know it today.Since viticulture and the wine production are the components of a globally billion-dollars industry, research strives to understand the impact of climate change on viticulture in all their details and find adaptation solutions. In this sphere of study was included the research carried out between 2014 and 2020 in the framework of the European project LIFE ADVICLIM (http://www.adviclim.eu/), coordinated by CNRS/University Rennes 2 (France) and bringing together researchers from France, Germany, United Kingdom, Romania and Spain, aiming to find solutions to adapt viticulture to climate change. The pilot sites of the project were located in Saint Emillion - Bordeaux; Saumur Champigny and Coteaux du Layon - Val de Loire, France; Plumpton - South Sussex, United Kingdom; Rüdesheim - Rheingau, Germany; Cotnari - Romania; and Ausejo and Carbonera - La Rioja, Spain. Using networks of temperature sensors that record temperature variation in each pilot site, the project aimed to identify the changes occurring in the climate of vineyards on a fine scale. These analyses, based on the calculation of bioclimatic indices in relation to climate change, allowed to make a theoretical estimation of spatial shifts of suitability for the wine production in the studied wine regions.The results achieved in the ADVICLIM project have revealed major changes in the climate suitability for the wine production in all studied wine regions, regardless of climate type: changes in the multiannual average of bioclimatic indices, indicating, in some cases, that the vineyards climate passed to another class of suitability for the wine production. Such an example is the Cotnari wine region in Romania, a traditional white wine producer that, due to temperature increasing, has switched to the production of red wines too. Similar changes have taken place in the other pilot sites of the project: the occurrence of climate suitability for the wine production in Carbonera – La Rioja, at higher altitude of about 850 m asl, unsuitable for viticulture in the past; an increase in the heliothermal resources in Rüdesheim, where the research have indicated that even the production of red wines will soon be possible; also increases in climate suitability for the wine production in Plumpton, South Sussex - UK, where the climate, still remaining at the lower limit of suitability for viticulture, indicates that quality white wines in the near future it will be possible to produce.These shifts in suitability are accompanied by significant spatial shifts, namely shifting the area of climate suitability for the production of a certain wine type to higher altitude, if the relief allows, and to northern, cooler latitudes. The research carried out in the ADVICLIM project has revealed shifts of suitability in all areas with hilly relief: in Rheingau, on the Rhein Valley, the cool climate specific to the area, suitable for wine grape varieties such as Müller-Thurgau and Riesling moves higher on altitude from an average of 110 m asl in the past (1950-1990) to about 210 m asl at present, being replaced in the low area at 60-70 m asl by a new class of suitability, which allows the cultivation of the Cabernet Franc and Merlot varieties. Also, in Spain, in Ausejo, the climate suitable for Tempranillo and Grenache moved above 80 m asl, from an average of about 320 m asl in the past to about 400 m asl today. Regarding the latitude shifts, the ADVICLIM project has found out that in the La Rioja region, the temperate – warm climate, suitable for Grenache and Tempranillo shifted from an average latitude of 42,327 °N lat. to 42,427 °N lat.; while on the Rhine Valley, where the cool climate specific to the area shifted from an average latitude of 49,960 °N to an average latitude of 49,987 °N