Tagfalter und Heuschrecken auf extensiven Weiden im Naturnetz Pfannenstil

Im Rahmen verschiedener Aufwertungsprojekten wurden Weideflächen des Naturnetzes Pfannenstil durch quadra GmbH ökologisch aufgewertet. Nach mehreren Jahren soll nun im Umfang dieser Bachelorarbeit eine Erfolgskontrolle durchgeführt werden. Fünfzehn aufgewertete Weiden der Qualitätsstufe II werden mit fünfzehn konventionellen Dauerweiden hinsichtlich ihrer Tagfalter- und Heuschreckenvielfalt verglichen. Die 30 untersuchten Flächen befinden sich am Pfannenstiel in den Gemeinden, Zollikon, Zumikon, Küsnacht, Herrliberg, Meilen, Uetikon am See und Männedorf. In Zusammenarbeit mit quadra GmbH wurden die Flächen anhand ihrer Lage, Exposition, Grösse und Distanz zwischen den Flächen ausgewählt. Von Ende April bis Anfang September 2022 wurden die Flächen fünfmal besucht. Dabei wurden die Tagfalter- Dickkopffalter- und Widderchenarten und Heuschreckenarten im Zigzag-Verfahren erfasst und die Individuenzahl abgeschätzt. Die gefundenen Arten wurden aufgelistet und mit den Prioritätsarten des Naturnetz Pfannenstil, der Roten Liste und ihrem Artwert in Beziehung gesetzt. Für jede Fläche und Artengruppe wurden die Biodiversitäts-Indices nach Shannon und Simpson ermittelt, und die Abundanz und die Gesamtartenzahl berechnet. Die Bewirtschaftungstypen wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Biodiversitäts-Indices, Artenzahl, und Abundanz der Artengruppen verglichen. Es wurden 41 Tagfalter-, Dickkopffalter- und Widderchenarten mit 2349 Individuen gezählt und 2792 Heuschreckenindividuen aus 13 Arten. Der Grossteil der gefangenen Arten befindet sich nicht auf der Roten Liste. Sechs Falter mit dem Status NT «potentiell gefährdet» wurden nachgewiesen. Bei den Heuschrecken wurden zwei potentiell gefährdete Arten vorgefunden. Mit Brenthisino, Melanargia galathea, und Gryllus campestris konnten drei Zielarten des Naturnetzes Pfannenstil nachgewiesen werden. Die Shannon-Biodiversitätswerte und Abundanzen der Tagfalter auf den zwei Flächentypen unterscheiden sich hoch signifikant. Für die Artengruppe der Heuschrecken wurde bei den Shannon-Indikatorwerten und der Abundanz kein Unterschied zwischen QII-Weiden und Dauerweiden festgestellt. Die Simpson-Diversitätswerte der Tagfalter und der Heuschrecken auf den Flächentypen unterscheiden sich nicht. Die Anzahl Tagfalterarten unterscheiden sich hoch signifikant auf Dauerweiden und QII-Flächen. Für die Anzahl Heuschreckenarten wurde ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den Flächentypen festgestellt. Mit der Auswertung konnte gezeigt werden, dass die höhere Qualitätsstufe der Weideflächen innerhalb des Naturnetz Pfannenstil eine grössere Anzahl Arten beherbergt als konventionelle Dauerweiden. Die Aufwertungen durch quadra GmbH können somit als erfolgreich bezeichnet werden.Within the framework of various enhancement projects, quadra GmbH has ecologically en riched pasture areas of the Naturnetz Pfannenstil. After several years, a success control is now to be carried out within the scope of this bachelor thesis. By looking at butterfly and grasshopper diversity, fifteen conventional pastures were compared with fifteen upgraded pastures of a ‘quality level II’. The 30 investigated areas are located on the Pfannenstiel in the municipalities of Zollikon, Zumikon, Küsnacht, Herrliberg, Meilen, Uetikon Am See and Männedorf. The areas were selected in cooperation with quadra GmbH. From the end of April to the beginning of September 2022, the plots were visited five to six times. During these visits, common butterfly species, the Skipper butterflies and the Burnet Moth were recorded using the Zigzag-Method, allowing the number of individuals to be estimated. Similarly, grasshopper species and their respective quantities were recorded. All species found were listed and compared to the ‘Naturnetz Pfannenstil’ priority species index, the Red List, and their species value. Biodiversity indices, according to Shannon and Simpson, as well as the abundance of individuals were determined for each plot and species group, and the total number of species was calculated. Using t-Tests and ANOVA, management types were compared in terms of their biodiversity indices and species counts for the species groups. A total of 41 butterfly, Skipper Butterfly, and Burnet Moth species, 2349 individuals all together, were counted. 2792 grasshopper individuals from 13 species were also counted. The majority of the captured species are not on the Red List. Six butterflies with NT "potentially endangered" status were detected. Among the grasshoppers, two potentially endangered were found. With Brenthis ino and Melanargia galathea, and Gryllus campestris, three of the target species of the ‘Naturnetz Pfannenstil’, could be detected. The Shannon biodiversity values and the abundance of the butterflies on the conventional pastures differ greatly from that of the ‘quality level II’ pastures. For the grasshopper species group, no difference was found between the two plot types. Simpson diversity values of butterflies and grasshoppers did not differ. The number of butterfly species-per-plot in conventional pastures differed greatly from that of the QII plots. A significant difference in the number of grasshopper species-per-plot was seen among the two plot types. With the evaluation it could be shown that the higher quality level of the pastures within the ‘Naturnetz Pfannenstil’ supports a larger number of species than conventional conventional pastures. The upgrading by quadra GmbH can therefore be described as successful

The representative COVID-19 cohort Munich (KoCo19): from the beginning of the pandemic to the Delta virus variant

Le Gleut R, Plank M, Pütz P, et al. The representative COVID-19 cohort Munich (KoCo19): from the beginning of the pandemic to the Delta virus variant. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2023;23(1): 466.**Background** Population-based serological studies allow to estimate prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections despite a substantial number of mild or asymptomatic disease courses. This became even more relevant for decision making after vaccination started. The KoCo19 cohort tracks the pandemic progress in the Munich general population for over two years, setting it apart in Europe. **Methods** Recruitment occurred during the initial pandemic wave, including 5313 participants above 13 years from private households in Munich. Four follow-ups were held at crucial times of the pandemic, with response rates of at least 70%. Participants filled questionnaires on socio-demographics and potential risk factors of infection. From Follow-up 2, information on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was added. SARS-CoV-2 antibody status was measured using the Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-N assay (indicating previous infection) and the Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S assay (indicating previous infection and/or vaccination). This allowed us to distinguish between sources of acquired antibodies. **Results** The SARS-CoV-2 estimated cumulative sero-prevalence increased from 1.6% (1.1-2.1%) in May 2020 to 14.5% (12.7-16.2%) in November 2021. Underreporting with respect to official numbers fluctuated with testing policies and capacities, becoming a factor of more than two during the second half of 2021. Simultaneously, the vaccination campaign against the SARS-CoV-2 virus increased the percentage of the Munich population having antibodies, with 86.8% (85.5-87.9%) having developed anti-S and/or anti-N in November 2021. Incidence rates for infections after (BTI) and without previous vaccination (INS) differed (ratio INS/BTI of 2.1, 0.7-3.6). However, the prevalence of infections was higher in the non-vaccinated population than in the vaccinated one. Considering the whole follow-up time, being born outside Germany, working in a high-risk job and living area per inhabitant were identified as risk factors for infection, while other socio-demographic and health-related variables were not. Although we obtained significant within-household clustering of SARS-CoV-2 cases, no further geospatial clustering was found. **Conclusions** Vaccination increased the coverage of the Munich population presenting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but breakthrough infections contribute to community spread. As underreporting stays relevant over time, infections can go undetected, so non-pharmaceutical measures are crucial, particularly for highly contagious strains like Omicron