Scour hole development in river beds with mixed sand-clay-peat stratigraphy

River deltas are often characterized by a heterogeneous subsoil stratigraphy, composed of layers of sand, clay and peat. This has important consequences for the riverbed morphology and in particular the formation of scour holes. When the riverbed is composed of poorly erodible clay or peat, erosion processes are retarded. However, when thinner parts of clay or peat layers erode; underlying sand patches are incised and large scour holes may develop within in a short amount of time. The unpredictability and fast development makes these scour holes difficult to manage while stability of dikes and infrastructure may be at stake. In this paper we study the scour hole formation and development in heterogeneous subsoil. The Rhine-Meuse estuary forms the ideal system for this analysis as it has been intensively measured and contains about 100 scour holes. Based on nearly 60 years of river bed topography data and data on the subsurface lithography and hydrodynamics, we present a system analysis of scour hole formation in heterogeneous subsoil stratigraphy. In addition the detailed growth of a recently formed scour hole is studied and compared to scale model tests

Morbidity, Including Fatal Morbidity, throughout Life in Men Entering Adult Life as Obese

Background: The association between obesity in adults and excess morbidity and mortality is well established, but the health impact throughout adult life of being obese in early adulthood needs elucidation. We investigated somatic morbidity, including fatal morbidity, throughout adulthood in men starting adult life as obese. Methods: Among 362,200 Danish young men, examined for military service between 1943 and 1977, all obese (defined as BMI$31.0 kg/m 2), and, as controls, a random 1 % sample of the others was identified. In the age range of 18–25 years, there were 1,862 obese, which encompass the men above the 99.5 percentile, and 3,476 controls. Information on morbidity was obtained via national registers. Cox regression models were used to estimate the relative morbidity assessed as first incidence of disease, occurrence of disease in the year preceding death and prevalent disease at time of death. Results: From age 18 through 80 years the obese had an increased risk of becoming diseased by or die from a broad range of diseases. Generally, the incidence of first event, occurrence in the year prior to death, and prevalence at time of death showed the same pattern. As an example, the relative hazard of type 2 diabetes was constant throughout life at 4.9 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 4.1–5.9), 5.2 (95 % CI: 3.6–7.5), and 6.8 (95 % CI: 4.6–10.1), respectively. Conclusions: Our findings strongly support the continued need to avoid beginning adult life as obese, as obese young me

Changes in energy expenditure associated with ingestion of high protein, high fat versus high protein, low fat meals among underweight, normal weight, and overweight females

Background: Metabolic rate is known to rise above basal levels after eating, especially following protein consumption. Yet, this postprandial rise in metabolism appears to vary among individuals. This study examined changes in energy expenditure in response to ingestion of a high protein, high fat (HPHF) meal versus an isocaloric high protein, low fat (HPLF) meal in underweight, normal weight, or overweight females (n = 21) aged 19–28 years. Methods: Energy expenditure, measured using indirect calorimetry, was assessed before and every 30 minutes for 3.5 hours following consumption of the meals on two separate occasions. Height and weight were measured using standard techniques. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: Significant positive correlations were found between body mass index (BMI) and baseline metabolic rate (MR) (r = 0.539; p = 0.017), between body weight and baseline MR (r = 0.567; p = 0.011), between BMI and average total change in MR (r = 0.591; p = 0.008), and between body weight and average total change in MR (r = 0.464; p = 0.045). Metabolic rate (kcal/min) was significantly higher in the overweight group than the normal weight group, which was significantly higher than the underweight group across all times and treatments. However, when metabolic rate was expressed per kg fat free mass (ffm), no significant difference was found in postprandial energy expenditure between the overweight and normal groups. Changes in MR (kcal/min and kcal/min/kg ffm) from the baseline rate did not significantly differ in the underweight (n = 3) or in the overweight subjects (n = 5) following consumption of either meal at any time. Changes in MR (kcal/min and kcal/min/kg ffm) from baseline were significantly higher in normal weight subjects (n = 11) across all times following consumption of the HPHF meal versus the HPLF meal. Conclusion: There is no diet-induced thermogenic advantage between the HPHF and HPLF meals in overweight and underweight subjects. In contrast, in normal weight subjects, ingestion of a HPHF meal significantly increases MR (69.3 kcal/3.5 hr) versus consumption of a HPLF meal and provides a short-term metabolic advantage

Wingless Signalling Alters the Levels, Subcellular Distribution and Dynamics of Armadillo and E-Cadherin in Third Instar Larval Wing Imaginal Discs

Background: Armadillo, the Drosophila orthologue of vertebrate beta-catenin, plays a dual role as the key effector of Wingless/Wnt1 signalling, and as a bridge between E-Cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton. In the absence of ligand, Armadillo is phosphorylated and targeted to the proteasome. Upon binding of Wg to its receptors, the "degradation complex'' is inhibited; Armadillo is stabilised and enters the nucleus to transcribe targets. Methodology/Principal Findings: Although the relationship between signalling and adhesion has been extensively studied, few in vivo data exist concerning how the "transcriptional'' and "adhesive'' pools of Armadillo are regulated to orchestrate development. We have therefore addressed how the subcellular distribution of Armadillo and its association with E-Cadherin change in larval wing imaginal discs, under wild type conditions and upon signalling. Using confocal microscopy, we show that Armadillo and E-Cadherin are spatio-temporally regulated during development, and that a punctate species becomes concentrated in a subapical compartment in response to Wingless. In order to further dissect this phenomenon, we overexpressed Armadillo mutants exhibiting different levels of activity and stability, but retaining E-Cadherin binding. Arm(S10) displaces endogenous Armadillo from the AJ and the basolateral membrane, while leaving E-Cadherin relatively undisturbed. Surprisingly, Delta NArm(1-155) caused displacement of both Armadillo and E-Cadherin, results supported by our novel method of quantification. However, only membrane-targeted Myr-Delta NArm(1-155) produced comparable nuclear accumulation of Armadillo and signalling to Arm(S10). These experiments also highlighted a row of cells at the A/P boundary depleted of E-Cadherin at the AJ, but containing actin. Conclusions/Significance: Taken together, our results provide in vivo evidence for a complex non-linear relationship between Armadillo levels, subcellular distribution and Wingless signalling. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of Armadillo in regulating the subcellular distribution of E-CadherinPublisher PDFPeer reviewe

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Cleaning and disinfection in the Dutch red meat and game meat supply chains

Aim of the study Cleaning and disinfection agents are used in several steps in the red meat and game meat supply chains to ensure product quality, product safety, and to enhance shelf-life. The aim of this research is to investigate by literature study, questionnaires and interviews, which cleaning agents and disinfectants are authorised to be used and where and how they are used in the different stages of the Dutch red meat supply chain. Furthermore, knowledge obtained from this study is used to investigate the use of cleaning and disinfection agents in the Dutch game meat chain. Hygiene protocols and practices Stakeholders in both supply chains indicated that they work according to hygiene protocols as defined by branch organisations and the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA). Procedures for cleaning and disinfection are laid down in protocols and/or Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plans. The number of different cleaning and disinfection agents used by hunters and at farms is lower than in other parts of the food chains. In the transport part of the red meat chain, sometimes resources to correctly perform cleaning and disinfection are limited. How cleaning and disinfection agents should be applied is described in specification sheets and on the labels of the cleaning and disinfection products. Interviews with various experts showed that there is less knowledge about protocols and regulation related to cleaning and disinfection in some smaller companies compared to larger companies. Insufficient cleaning and disinfection procedures could occur in all parts of the chain due to insufficient knowledge or time limitations, which could lead to residues in food products. Main active compounds in cleaning and disinfection products The main authorised, active ingredients in disinfectant products that can be used as product type 1, 3 or 4 (PT1, PT3 or PT4) and are relevant product types for the red meat and game meat chains, include alcohol-based compounds (mainly ethanol and propanol); chlorine-based compounds (among others sodium hypochlorite); hydrogen peroxide (in combination with peracetic acid); quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) (mainly didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzylammonium chloride); aldehydes (glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde); iodine; and lactic acid. The active ingredients used for disinfection in the red meat chain, as indicated in the literature, interviews, and questionnaires were all authorised ingredients. Frequently reported used cleaning products or ingredients in the red meat chain in the Netherlands were hand soap, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide. Similarly, for disinfection agents frequently used ingredients were alcohol-based products, chlorine-based products (mainly sodium hypochlorite), DDAC, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. In general, cleaning and disinfection procedures and agents used during slaughter, storage and processing of game meat are comparable to those used for red meat. Residues and monitoring The monitoring on residues of cleaning and disinfection agents and inspections on cleaning and disinfection procedures are limited in the Netherlands. Data of slaughterhouses (2017-2018) show that no quats (benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and DDAC) were found in red meat products. Monitoring of the active ingredients frequently used in the red meat and game meat chains, and could therefore be present in food products, should be increased; these are quats and by-products formed by the use of chlorine-containing products

NVWA-ketens

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