Follow-up study among IUD acceptors of Java

As of April 1993, an estimated 5.3 million women in Indonesia were using IUDs. In 1991, the IUD was the second most commonly used family planning method in Indonesia (13.4 percent). According to the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, in 1994 it became the third most commonly used method among currently married women (10.3 percent), primarily on the islands of Java and Bali. The National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN), in collaboration with the Faculties of Medicine, Diponegoro University in Semarang, Airlangga University in Surabaya, and BKS-Penfin in Bandung, conducted a Follow-up Study Among IUD Acceptors of Java,” from November to December 1994. As this report states, 1,825 IUD acceptors who had their IUD inserted from April 1989 to March 1994 were interviewed. The study collected data on follow-up mechanisms; frequency, type, and management of side-effects; switching of method and clinic; and use-effectiveness of IUD, by type

A better understanding of the potential conflict between Christianity and homosexuality

Most organized religions including Christianity still regard homosexuality as being against their teachings, as sinful and contrary to scripture. Thus the matter of reconciling sexual orientation with religious and spiritual beliefs can be a very challenging and complicated process for those homosexual persons who uphold Christianity as their religion. This paper seeks to explore the potential conflict between Christianity and homosexuality faced by the respondents. A qualitative study was conducted via in-depth semi-structured interviews with purposively selected homosexual persons. The result found that a small percentage of respondents were unaffected by the potential conflict between Christianity and homosexuality. Nevertheless, the majority, eighty percent, were affected by the conflict, implying that both Christianity and homosexuality were important components of their lives. The most common personal effects of conflict between Christianity and homosexuality indentified include depression, self-blame/guilt, anxiety, suicidal ideation and alienation. Some implications for practice are presented at two few different levels: (1) mental health professionals and (2) church leaders and clergymen

A Randomized FiveYear Comparative Study of Two LevonorgestrelReleasing Implant Systems: Norplant® Capsules and Jadena® Rods

Objective: To provide a randomized comparison between Jadena® and Norplant® in terms of efficacy and acceptability among Indonesian women. Method: This study was a phase IV, open label, randomized, multicenter study throughout Indonesia. Subjects were Indonesian adult women who were randomized to receive Jadena® or Norplant® as their contraceptive method. The subjects were recruited from 6 large cities in Indonesia, such as Medan, Palembang, Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, and Makassar. Result: Of 600 subjects, 301 women getting to Jadena® and 299 women to Norplant® were enrolled between August 1998 and February 1999. The mean age was 29.8 (SD 5.3) years old, ranging from 18 to 40 years old. We did not find the pregnancy during the study. Non-pregnancy probability at the end of one year was similar between Jadena® (0.920 (SD 0.016)) and Norplant® users (0.916 (SD 0.084)). The continuation rates of Jadena® at one and three-year were 95.3% and 66.8%; whereas, the continuation rates of Norplant® was 94.3% at year-1 and 70.2% at year-3. Conclusion: The new two rod levonorgestrel subdermal system (Jadena®) showed similar efficacy with the old six capsule levonorgestrel subdermal system (Norplant®) in term of birth control. Both implant systems also have similar tolerability profile. Jadena® is easier to insert and remove than Norplant®. Keywords: birth control, efficacy, implan

Family caregiver’s experiences using community mental health services in Malaysia.,

Many studies of family caregiving have found mixed findings in evaluating the effectiveness of community services in reducing family caregiver stress. In addition, the study also showed that some of the caregiver has limited experience in obtaining care. The purpose of this article was to describe the experience of the use of community mental health services, including benefits and barriers, by family caregivers of schizophrenic patients in Malaysia. Community mental health services included assistance with caregiving and educational as well as emotional support by community mental health professionals. In this qualitative descriptive study, a purposive sample of 24 family caregivers was interviewed. Semi-structured interview technique was used to explore the caregivers' experiences with community mental health services. Transcribed data were analysed using qualitative frameworkanalysis techniques. Results indicated that family caregivers received benefits of personal respite,sense of community, financial and emotional supports as well as gained practical knowledge and believed that their family also benefited from the community services used. Barriers to service use included lack of attention, accessibility issues and concerns over quality. All the findings in this study provide direction for mental health workers in targeting interventions that will meet the caregivers’ needs and desires

Intrapersonal conflict between christianity and homosexuality: the personal effects faced by gay men and lesbians.

Potential conflict between Christianity and homosexuality is not considered as a totally new phenomenon.Nonetheless, since scarce is known regarding the matter this might assumed the level of intolerance is still high within most traditional western religion including Christianity. A qualitative study of 10 male and 10 female Christian homosexuals was conducted via in-depth semi-structured interviews. This paper seeks to explore the potential conflict between Christianity and homosexuality faced by the respondents. The result found that the majority, eighty percent (80%), were affected by the conflict, suggesting that both Christianity and homosexuality were important components of their lives. The most common personal effects of conflict between Christianity and homosexuality indentified included depression (68.8%), selfblame/guilt (37.5%), anxiety (31.3%), suicidal ideation (25%) and alienation (25%). Implications and recommendations at three levels are provided to assist those dealing with homosexual people who are affected by the conflict

Pengaruh Lama Fermentasi Jerami Jagung Menggunakan Kapang Trichoderma Harzianum terhadap Kandungan Serat dan Kecernaan In Sacco

Corn straw is an alternative feed from agricultural waste that can be widely used by farmers as ruminant feed. This study aims to determine the fiber content and in sacco digestibility of corn straw fermented with Trichoderma harzianum. The design of this experiment was Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The samples were treated with 5 length of fermentation time, namely: 0 (control) , 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. Nylon bag technique was applied to evaluate the sample degradation. Corn straw that has been ground to a size of 2 mm, taken as much as 5-6 g, then put into a nylon bag and incubated in the cattle rumen for 72 hours. The results showed that corn straw fermentation using Trichoderma harzianum increased the content of NDF, ADF and the degradation of ADF but dit not increased the NDF and hemicellulose digestibility. In conclusion, the best fermentation time is 12-16 days under aerobic conditions

Hamil luar nikah: memahami remaja sebagai asas intervensi keluarga.

Penglibatan remaja perempuan dengan aktiviti seks sangat berisiko mengundang kepada kehamilan luar nikah di samping jangkitan HIV/AIDS dan jangkitan seksual yang lain. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memahami perkembangan seks remaja, pengaruh perkembangan sehingga berlakunya kehamilan dan mencadangkan intervensi keluarga yang boleh digunapakai oleh mereka yang terlibat dalam profesion pertolongan. Metod kajian yang digunakan adalah kajian perpustakaan. Artikel konseptual ini juga melibatkan asas intervensi iaitu pendekatan sistem teori, intervensi krisis, dan penyelesaian masalah yang boleh dilaksanakan ke atas keluarga yang sedang dibelenggu masalah kehamilan remaj