Non Typhoidal Salmonella in food products

Food-Borne Diseases (FDB) include a large number of diseases resulting from the ingestion of food contaminated with microorganism’s toxins or other chemicals. One of the most common FBD is Salmonellosis, a zoonosis caused by Salmonella, considered as one of the four leading causes of zoonotic diseases in the world. The present review aims to collect and update information about Salmonella and its prevalence in food products worldwide based on published research studying this pathogenic organism in addition to a general view of regulations implemented by the World Health Organizations and recommendations guidelines adapted by food industries. After describing Salmonella and its different bacterial, biochemical and environmental characteristics, several research have been analyzed to determine prevalence of Salmonella in different countries to determine the most important sources of contamination of food products. The first source of contamination found is poultry products and raw egg products due to ease of their contamination by Salmonella, while contamination of other food products was variable. Severe effects of Salmonella prove the importance of having regulations to limit the negative consequences of the emergence of Salmonella. Keywords: Salmonella, Human Salmonellosis, Prevalence, food produc

The issue of campylobacter spp. in poultry

De nos jours, campylobacter est considéré comme l’un des plus importants pathogènes causant un spectre très large de manifestations cliniques dont la campylobacteriose est la plus fréquente. Tandis que les efforts sont fournis pour limiter ou contrôler la transmission de ce pathogène. L'incidence des infections à campylobacter reste toujours en augmentation dans le monde entier. La transmission se fait principalement par voie alimentaire après ingestion de volailles étant le  principal réservoir de cette bactérie. L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre à jour et de  décrire les données  liées au genre campylobacter, ses caractéristiques, ses mécanismes de virulence ainsi que les origines des infections de volailles et de  l’homme. Les différents problèmes causés par campylobacter, son diagnostic et traitement sont aussi évoqués. Finalement cette revue présente également un aperçu sur la résistance aux antibiotiques qui constitue  une menace majeure pour la santé publique au niveau mondial. Mots clés: Campylobacter spp., campylobacteriose, volaille, résistance aux antibiotiquesToday, campyobacter is considered one of the most important pathogens causing a very broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of which human campylobacteriosis are the most common. While efforts are being made to limit or control the transmission of this pathogen. The incidence of campylobacter infections is still increasing worldwide. Transmission is mainly via food after ingestion of poultry being the main reservoir of this bacterium. The objective of this study will be to give and describe recent information related to the genus campyobacter, its characteristics, its virulence mechanisms as well as the origins of poultry and human infections by the latter. The various problems caused by campylobacter, its diagnosis and treatment will also be discussed. Finally, this review will also provide an overview of antibiotic resistance, which is a major threat to public health worldwide. Keywords: Campylobacter spp., human campylobacteriosis, poultry, antibiotic resistanc

Ferrocenylindium reagents in palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions: asymmetric synthesis of planar chiral 2‐aryl oxazolyl and sulfinyl ferrocenes

[Abstract] The preparation of ferrocenylindium species and palladium‐catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for the synthesis of monosubstituted and planar chiral 1,2‐disubstituted ferrocenes is described. Triferrocenylindium reagents (Fc3In) are efficiently prepared in a one‐pot procedure from ferrocenes by lithiation and transmetallation to indium using InCl3. The palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of Fc3In (40 mol%) with a variety of organic electrophiles (aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, alkenyl and acyl halides) in THF at 80 °C overnight provided a wide variety of monosubstituted ferrocenes in good to excellent yields. This methodology allowed the stereoselective synthesis of planar chiral 2‐aryl‐1 oxazolylferrocenes and 2‐aryl‐1‐sulfinylferrocenes, which are of interest in asymmetric catalysis.Ministerio de Economía y Competividad; CTQ2015‐68369‐PGalicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; GRC2014/04

Assessing the Efficacy of Monovalent and Commercialized Antivenoms for Neutralizing Moroccan Cobra <i>Naja haje</i> Venom: A Comparative Study

In Morocco, eight species of venomous snakes belonging to the Viperidae and Elapidae families are responsible for severe envenomation cases. The species from the Elapidae family is only represented by the medically relevant cobra Naja haje, which is widely distributed in North Africa. However, there is little information on the systemic effects of Moroccan cobra venom on vital organs due to regional variations. It has been demonstrated that the venom of Naja haje from Egypt causes hemorrhage, while the venom of the Moroccan cobra is neurotoxic and devoid of systemic bleeding. This variability is known to significantly influence treatment efficacy against Naja haje cobra bites in the Middle East. In this study, we examined the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the lethality induced by Naja haje venom, as well as the evaluation of the neutralizing capacity of two antivenoms; the monospecific antivenom made for Naja haje only and the antivenom marketed in the Middle East and North Africa. We first determined the toxicity of Naja haje venom by LD50 test, then compared the neutralizing capacity of the two antivenoms studied by determining the ED50. We also performed histological analysis on Swiss mice envenomed and treated with these antivenoms to observe signs of cobra venom envenomation and the degree of reduction of induced systemic alterations. The results showed significant differences between both antivenoms in terms of neutralization. The monospecific antivenom was four times more effective than the marketed antivenom. These results were confirmed by a histological study, which showed that monospecific antivenoms neutralized severe signs of mortality, such as congestion of blood vessels in the heart and kidneys, pulmonary and renal edema, cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes in the liver, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the brain and spleen. However, the polyvalent antivenom failed to protect all severe lesions induced by Naja haje venom in mice. These findings highlight the negative impact of geographic variation on the effectiveness of conventional antivenom therapy and confirm the need for a specific Naja haje antivenom for the effective treatment of cobra envenomation in Morocco

Insight into the Toxicological and Pathophysiological Effects of Moroccan Vipers’ Venom: Assessing the Efficacy of Commercial Antivenom for Neutralization

Morocco is one of the richest countries in biodiversity in the Mediterranean region, especially in its ophidian fauna. In total, there are eight species of venomous snakes, with seven belonging to the Viperidae family, responsible for 67.2% of severe envenomation cases in the country. Cerastes cerastes, Daboia mauritanica and Bitis arietans are considered among the most venomous vipers whose bites cause high levels of morbidity, disability or mortality. Despite their wide distribution in the kingdom, the incidence of these snakebites remains poorly understood and largely underestimated. Moreover, intraspecific variations in the venom composition significantly affect the effectiveness of antivenoms. Due to the unavailability of locally produced antivenoms, we evaluated the efficacy of Inoserp-MENA, the only available antivenom in Morocco, against C. cerastes, D. mauritanica and B. arietans. First, we conducted a comprehensive characterization of these venoms, including an LD50 test to examine their toxicity and SDS-PAGE as a technique to analyze the enzymes responsible for biological activities, such as hemorrhagic and edematous activities and myotoxicity, which generate physiopathological effects in the skin, paws and muscles of envenomed mice. Then, we assessed the ability of Inoserp-MENA antivenom to neutralize the toxic activities of Moroccan vipers. Our results indicate that the venom of C. cerastes, D. mauritanica and B. arietans are toxic, causing severe alterations such as edema, myotoxicity, myonecrosis and significant hemorrhages with the formation of hemorrhagic foci. C. cerastes venom is more dangerous in terms of lethality and hemorrhages, while B. arietans venom is more edematous. The effects of C. cerastes venom were effectively neutralized, but Inoserp-MENA antivenom failed to protect mice against the toxic effects induced by B. arietans and D. mauritanica venom. The study reveals alarming shortcomings in the effectiveness of the current commercially available antivenom’s dosage and neutralization capabilities, highlighting the urgent need to develop a region-specific viper envenomation therapy

Evidence for non-disomic inheritance in a Citrus interspecific tetraploid somatic hybrid between <i>C. reticulata</i> and <i>C. limon</i> using SSR markers and cytogenetic analysis

Artificial tetraploid somatic hybrids have been developed for sterile triploid citrus breeding by sexual hybridization between diploid and tetraploid somatic hybrids. The genetic structure of diploid gametes produced by tetraploid genotypes depends on the mode of chromosome association at meiosis. In order to evaluate tetraploid inheritance in a tetraploid interspecific somatic hybrid between mandarin and lemon, we performed segregation studies using cytogenetic and single sequence repeat molecular markers. Cytogenetic analysis of meiosis in the somatic hybrid revealed 11% tetravalents and 76% bivalents. Inheritance of the tetraploid hybrid was analyzed by genotyping the triploid progeny derived from a cross between a diploid pummelo and the tetraploid somatic hybrid, in order to derive genotypes of the meiospores produced by the tetraploid. A likelihood-based approach was used to distinguish between disomic, tetrasomic, and intermediate inheritance models and to estimate the double reduction rate. In agreement with expectations based the cytogenetic data, marker segregation was largely compatible with tetrasomic and inheritance intermediate between disomic and tetrasomic, with some evidence for preferential pairing of homoeologous chromosomes. This has important implications for the design of breeding programs that involve tetraploid hybrids, and underscores the need to consider inheritance models that are intermediate between disomic and tetrasomic