Human pre-valvular endocardial cells derived from pluripotent stem cells recapitulate cardiac pathophysiological valvulogenesis

Genetically modified mice have advanced our understanding of valve development and disease. Yet, human pathophysiological valvulogenesis remains poorly understood. Here we report that, by combining single cell sequencing and in vivo approaches, a population of human pre-valvular endocardial cells (HPVCs) can be derived from pluripotent stem cells. HPVCs express gene patterns conforming to the E9.0 mouse atrio-ventricular canal (AVC) endocardium signature. HPVCs treated with BMP2, cultured on mouse AVC cushions, or transplanted into the AVC of embryonic mouse hearts, undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and express markers of valve interstitial cells of different valvular layers, demonstrating cell specificity. Extending this model to patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulates features of mitral valve prolapse and identified dysregulation of the SHH pathway. Concurrently increased ECM secretion can be rescued by SHH inhibition, thus providing a putative therapeutic target. In summary, we report a human cell model of valvulogenesis that faithfully recapitulates valve disease in a dish.We thank the Leducq Fondation for supporting Tui Neri, and funding this research under the framework of the MITRAL network and for generously awarding us for the equipment of our cell imaging facility in the frame of their program “Equipement de Recherche et Plateformes Technologiques” (ERPT to M.P.), the Genopole at Evry and the Fondation de la recherche Medicale (grant DEQ20100318280) for supporting the laboratory of Michel Puceat. Part of this work in South Carolina University was conducted in a facility constructed with support from the National Institutes of Health, Grant Number C06 RR018823 from the Extramural Research Facilities Program of the National Center for Research Resources. Other funding sources: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute: RO1-HL33756 (R.R.M.), COBRE P20RR016434–07 (R.R.M., R.A. N.), P20RR016434–09S1 (R.R.M. and R.A.N.); American Heart Association: 11SDG5270006 (R.A.N.); National Science Foundation: EPS-0902795 (R.R.M. and R.A. N.); American Heart Association: 10SDG2630130 (A.C.Z.), NIH: P01HD032573 (A.C. Z.), NIH: U54 HL108460 (A.C.Z), NCATS: UL1TR000100 (A.C.Z.); EH was supported by a fellowship of the Ministere de la recherche et de l’éducation in France.TM-M was supported by a fellowship from the Fondation Foulon Delalande and the Leducq Foundation. P.v.V. was sponsored by a UC San Diego Cardiovascular Scholarship Award and a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Training Program II. S.M.E. was funded by a grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-117649). A.T. is supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL134664).S

Cell modeling of early stages of valvulogenesis from a model of human embryonic stem cells, and study of the involvement of Oct4 in endothelial to mesenchymal transition during endocardial cushions formation

Les cardiopathies représentent la première cause de mortalité dans le monde, près de 30% des décès chaque année sont imputables à ce type de pathologies ; cette incidence a par ailleurs fortement augmentée au cours du siècle dernier (OMS). Les cardiopathies peuvent être classées en plusieurs sous-groupes de maladies cardio-vasculaires en fonction du tissu affecté par la pathologie. On différencie ainsi les maladies affectant les vaisseaux, le muscle cardiaque, le rythme (tissu pacemaker et de conduction) et les maladies des valves cardiaques. Les valvulopathies cardiaques peuvent être causées par des défauts des valves acquis ou innés et représentent près de 30 à 40% des malformations cardiaques recensées. Le pourcentage de patients atteints de valvulopathies augmente avec l’âge du patient, de plus, les valvulopathies représentent la principale cause de morbidité chez l’adulte, et l’enfant dans les pays développés.Ces défauts peuvent être d’origines génétiques, congénitales, toxicologique, ischémiques avec influence de différents facteurs de risques aussi bien génétiques qu’environnementaux, dans certains cas elles peuvent même être provoquées par des médicaments, le cas du Benfluorex (Mediator®) étant probablement le plus connu. Les défauts affectant les valves peuvent avoir de graves conséquences sur le fonctionnement du cœur. Ainsi, en 2008, aux États-Unis, il a été nécessaire de procéder au remplacement de près de 82000 valves cardiaques chez des patients adultes. Si le remplacement de valves cardiaques reste une avancée majeure pour les patients atteints de valvulopathies, l’utilisation de prothèses et de transplants valvulaires présentent néanmoins des limitations, notamment : une absence de croissance des prothèses, l’apparition de thromboses, ainsi que des rejets en cas de transplantation de valves allo-géniques, prélevées sur des donneurs en morts cérébrale. Ainsi, il est nécessaire d’étudier les mécanismes mis en jeu dès le développement embryonnaire, mécanismes qui pourrait avoir un effet délétère à plus ou moins long terme entrainant l’apparition d’une valvulopathie chez l’enfant, le jeune adulte ou chez la personne âgée. Pour cela l’utilisation d’un modèle cellulaire utilisable in vitro serait une avancée remarquable. Ce modèle permettrait à la fois d’élucider un certain nombre de mécanismes biologiques mis en place au cours du développement ou de la pathologie, mais aussi d’espérer la mise en place d’un protocole permettant l’utilisation clinique de cellules autologues reprogrammées pour la thérapie des tissus atteints de valvulopathies voire même une thérapie incluant une réparation endogène.Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, nearly 30% of deaths each year are attributable to such diseases; this incidence has also greatly increased in the last century (WHO).Heart disease can be classified into several subgroups of cardiovascular disease based on the tissue affected by the pathology. It thus differs diseases affecting vessels, cardiac muscle, rhythm (fabric pacemaker and conduction) and heart valve disease. Heart valve disease can be caused by defects of innate and acquired or valves represent about 30-40% of heart defects identified. The percentage of patients with valvular heart disease patients increases with age of the patient, in addition, valvular heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity in adults and children in developed countries.These defects may be of genetic origin, congenital, toxicological, with ischemic influence of various risk factors both genetic and environmental, in some cases they can even be caused by medications, if the Benfluorex (Mediator®) are probably the most known. The defects in the valves can have serious consequences on the functioning of the heart. In 2008, the United States, it was necessary to proceed with the replacement of nearly 82,000 heart valves in adult patients.If the replacement heart valves remains a major advance for patients with valvular heart disease, the use of prostheses and transplants valves nevertheless have limitations, including: no growth prostheses, the occurrence of thrombosis and releases in cases of allo-transplantation of gene valves taken from brain dead donors. Thus, it is necessary to study the mechanisms involved early embryonic development, mechanisms that could have a deleterious effect more or less long term leading the development of valvular disease in children or young adults in the old person. For this the use of an in vitro cell model used is a remarkable achievement. This model would both elucidate a number of biological mechanisms during development or pathology, but also hope the development of a protocol for the clinical use of autologous cells reprogrammed to the therapy of patients with valvular tissue or even a therapy including an endogenous repair

Mesothelium and Malignant Mesothelioma

The mesothelium is an epithelial structure derived from the embryonic mesoderm. It plays an important role in the development of a number of different organs, including the heart, lungs, and intestines. In this publication, we discuss aspects of the development of the mesothelium, where mesothelial structures can be found, and review molecular and cellular characteristics associated with the mesothelium. Furthermore, we discuss the involvement of the mesothelium in a number of disease conditions, in particular in the pathogenesis of mesotheliomas with an emphasis on malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)—a primary cancer developing in the pleural cavity

The Dorsal Mesenchymal Protrusion and the Pathogenesis of Atrioventricular Septal Defects

Congenital heart malformations are the most common type of defects found at birth. About 1% of infants are born with one or more heart defect on a yearly basis. Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) causes more deaths in the first year of life than any other congenital abnormality, and each year, nearly twice as many children die in the United States from CHD as from all forms of childhood cancers combined. Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) are congenital heart malformations affecting approximately 1 in 2000 live births. Babies born with an AVSD often require surgical intervention shortly after birth. However, even after successful surgery, these individuals typically have to deal with lifelong complications with the most common being a leaky mitral valve. In recent years the understanding of the molecular etiology and morphological mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of AVSDs has significantly changed. Specifically, these studies have linked abnormal development of the Dorsal Mesenchymal Protrusion (DMP), a Second Heart Field-derived structure, to the development of this congenital defect. In this review we will be discuss some of the latest insights into the role of the DMP in the normal formation of the atrioventricular septal complex and in the pathogenesis of AVSDs

OCT4-mediated inflammation induces cell reprogramming at the origin of cardiac valve development and calcification

International audienceCell plasticity plays a key role in embryos by maintaining the differentiation potential of progenitors. Whether postnatal somatic cells revert to an embryonic-like naïve state regaining plasticity and redifferentiate into a cell type leading to a disease remains intriguing. Using genetic lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing, we reveal that Oct4 is induced by nuclear factor κB (NFκB) at embyronic day 9.5 in a subset of mouse endocardial cells originating from the anterior heart forming field at the onset of endocardial-to-mesenchymal transition. These cells acquired a chondro-osteogenic fate. OCT4 in adult valvular aortic cells leads to calcification of mouse and human valves. These calcifying cells originate from the Oct4 embryonic lineage. Genetic deletion of Pou5f1 (Pit-Oct-Unc, OCT4) in the endocardial cell lineage prevents aortic stenosis and calcification of ApoE−/− mouse valve. We established previously unidentified self-cell reprogramming NFκB- and OCT4-mediated inflammatory pathway triggering a dose-dependent mechanism of valve calcification

OCT4-mediated inflammation induces cell reprogramming at the origin of cardiac valve development and calcification

International audienceCell plasticity plays a key role in embryos by maintaining the differentiation potential of progenitors. Whether postnatal somatic cells revert to an embryonic-like naïve state regaining plasticity and redifferentiate into a cell type leading to a disease remains intriguing. Using genetic lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing, we reveal that Oct4 is induced by nuclear factor κB (NFκB) at embyronic day 9.5 in a subset of mouse endocardial cells originating from the anterior heart forming field at the onset of endocardial-to-mesenchymal transition. These cells acquired a chondro-osteogenic fate. OCT4 in adult valvular aortic cells leads to calcification of mouse and human valves. These calcifying cells originate from the Oct4 embryonic lineage. Genetic deletion of Pou5f1 (Pit-Oct-Unc, OCT4) in the endocardial cell lineage prevents aortic stenosis and calcification of ApoE−/− mouse valve. We established previously unidentified self-cell reprogramming NFκB- and OCT4-mediated inflammatory pathway triggering a dose-dependent mechanism of valve calcification

Role of the Epicardium in the Development of the Atrioventricular Valves and Its Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Myxomatous Valve Disease

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Adriana “Adri” Gittenberger-de Groot and in appreciation of her work in the field of developmental cardiovascular biology and the legacy that she has left behind. During her impressive career, Dr. Gittenberger-de Groot studied many aspects of heart development, including aspects of cardiac valve formation and disease and the role of the epicardium in the formation of the heart. In this contribution, we review some of the work on the role of epicardially-derived cells (EPDCs) in the development of the atrioventricular valves and their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of myxomatous valve disease (MVD). We provide an overview of critical events in the development of the atrioventricular junction, discuss the role of the epicardium in these events, and illustrate how interfering with molecular mechanisms that are involved in the epicardial-dependent formation of the atrioventricular junction leads to a number of abnormalities. These abnormalities include defects of the AV valves that resemble those observed in humans that suffer from MVD. The studies demonstrate the importance of the epicardium for the proper formation and maturation of the AV valves and show that the possibility of epicardial-associated developmental defects should be taken into consideration when determining the genetic origin and pathogenesis of MVD