Incidence and Prevalence for A Triply Censored Data

The model introduced for the natural history of a progressive disease has four disease states which are expressed as a joint distribution of three survival random variables. Covariates are included in the model using Cox’s proportional hazards model with necessary assumptions needed. Effects of the covariates are estimated and tested. Formulas for incidence in the preclinical, clinical and death states are obtained, and prevalence formulas are obtained for the preclinical and clinical states. Estimates of the sojourn times in the preclinical and clinical states are obtained

PENGARUH PROPORSI DAGING IKAN PATIN (Pangasius hypophtalmus) DAN PENAMBAHAN BAYAM (Amaranthus spp) TERHADAP TINGKAT KESUKAAN NUGGET

      Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh proporsi daging ikan patin dan penambahan bayam terhadap tingkat kesukaan nugget dan untuk mengetahui kandungan protein, lemak, karbohidrat, air, mineral (zat besi), albumin, omega 3 dan vitamin. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen dengan kombinasi perlakuan proporsi ikan patin dan penambahan bayam. Proporsi ikan patin yang digunakan 50%, 60%, 70% dan penambahan bayam 50 gram. Pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi melalui uji kesukaan meliputi rasa, aroma, warna, tekstur dan kekenyalan. Sampel dinilai oleh 35 panelis yaitu 15 orang panelis terlatih dan 20 orang panelis semi terlatih. Data uji kesukaan dianalisis menggunakan uji Friedman dengan uji lanjut dengan menggunakan uji Multiple Comparation Test. Penentuan perlakuan terbaik dengan uji indeks efektifitas. Produk nugget terbaik di uji kandungan gizinya meliputi protein, lemak, karbohidrat, air, mineral ( zat besi ), albumin, Omega 3, abu, dan vitamin, dilakukan di Labotarium Penelitian dan Konsultasi Industri Surabaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 1) Proporsi daging ikan patin dan penambahan bayam berpengaruh terhadap tingkat kesukaan dari warna bagian dalam, rasa, tekstur, dan kekenyalan nugget dan tidak ada pengaruh terhadap tingkat kesukaan dari warna bagian luar serta aroma nugget, 2) nuget ikan patin kandungan gizi per 100 gram bahan yaitu 26,88 %, albumin 6,09 %, lemak 2,41%, abu 1,38%, mineral 233,5%, karbohidrat 2,11 %, air 61,10 %, Omega 3 98,6 %, Vitamin A 56, 4 %, Vitamin B1 0,38 % dan Serat 1,21 %. Kata kunci : Nugget, Ikan Patin, Bayam. Abstract  This study aims to determine the effect of the proportion catfish meat and adding spinach to the level of preference nuggets and to know the content of carbohydrates, fats and protein from the best nugget. This research in an experimental study with combination treatment propotion catfish and increment spinach (Amaranthus spp). Proportion of catfish used 50%, 60%, 70% and the addition of increment spinach 50 grams. Collecting data using observation through friedman test consists of the taste, aroma, color, texture and elasticity. Samples were assessed by 35 panelists are 15 trained panelists and 20 semi- trained panelists. A test data were analyzed using the friedman test with further testing using multipe comparation test. Act of determiningst treatment the best with uji test indeksefektifitas. The best nugget products tested include the nutritional content of protein, albumin, carbohydrates, fats, omega 3, vitamins, minerals, water, Fe in center of research and industrial consultancy Surabaya. The results showed 1) no effect of the proportion of catfish nugget and adding spinach to the level of preference include flavor, aroma, color in, texture and elasticity nuggets and does not affect the color of the outside nuggets. 2) catfish nuggets per 100 grams of the best that is X3 with proportion catfish meat 70%:30% (the mackerel fish 75 grams and catfish 175 grams and increment spinach 50 gram), have a protein content of 26,88%, 6,09% albumin, 2,41% fat, 1,38% ash, 2,11% carbohydrate, 61,10% water, Ca-P-Fe mg/ 100 grams 233,5 and omega 3, 98,6 mg/ 100 grams, vitamin A: 56,4 mg/ 100 grams, vitamin B1: 0,38 mg/ 100 grams, fiber 1,21%. Keywords : nuggets, catfish, spinach

Analisis Efisiensi Ekonomi Penggunaan Input Produksi USAhatani Jagung

Prospek USAhatani tanaman jagung cukup cerah melihat permintaan pasar dalam negeri dan peluang ekspor komoditas jagung cenderung meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, baik dalam kebutuhan pangan maupun non pangan sehingga peluang pasar masih terbuka lebar untuk USAha tani jagung. Tujuan penelitian adalah : untuk menjelaskan produktivitas jagung dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas jagung serta menganalisis tingkat efisiensi penggunaan input produksi USAhatani jagung. Metode penentuan daerah penelitian ditentukan secara purposive (sengaja). Metode analisis untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas digunakan Fungsi Produksi model Coob-Douglas, dan untuk mengetahui tingkat efisiensi penggunaan input produksi di gunakan analisis efisiensi ekonomi Hasil penelitian antara lain: Produktivitas jagung di daerah penelitian tergolong tinggi berdasarkan perbandingan dengan daerah lain akan tetapi masih relatif rendah jika di bandingkan dengan anjuran Departemen Pertanian RI. Hasil analisis pengaruh input produksi terhadap produksi USAhatani jagung di peroleh faktor Bibit (x1), Pupuk SP36 (x2), Pupuk Za (x3) dan Pupuk NPK (x4) secara serempak berpengaruh nyata terhadap hasil produksi USAhatani jagung, dan hasil analisis efisiensi penggunaan input produksi USAhatani jagung di daerah penelitian di peroleh nilai efisiensi faktor produksi > 1, yaitu belum optimal

Ecological Social Development Model of Health Behavior of Conduct Achievement MDGs 5

Behavior of pregnant women who support the achievement of MDG 5 has not been fully achieved, one antenatal visit, shows there are still pregnant women who do not perform pregnancy tests regularly. The research aims to develop a model with Social Ecological Approach Model of Health Behavior in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by objective 5 with indicator of antenatal visits as well as aid delivery plan both place of birth and birth attendant. Observational study design, analytic, cross-sectional sample of 100 pregnant women who visit antenatal care at the health center Krembangan South Surabaya, simple random sampling, instruments using questionnaires, data analysis descriptive and inferential, using structural equation modeling (Structural Equation Modelling). The development of the social model of ecological models of health behavior to the behavior of the achievement of MDG 5 by the dominant factor is the construction of models intrapersonal factors include knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy, interpersonal factors include the support of family and community factors include health result support model testing goodness of fit note that the resulting model is an appropriate model used in the interpretation of the model because it has a model fit the criteria of empirical data generated by the study. The model can be used to strategize interventions in antenatal care is increasing knowledge, forming attitudes and self-efficacy through various activities such as prenatal classes or groups in pregnancy exercise as well as the involvement of family and health volunteers in assisting pregnant women to childbed

Organisation et fonctionnement d’un écosystème côtier du Maroc : la lagune de Khnifiss

La lagune de Khnifiss, située au sud du Maroc, est une réserve biologique d’intérêt mondial pour l’avifaune. Des études pluridisciplinaires portant sur la physico-chimie des eaux, la biologie, la sédimentologie et les courants ont été réalisées par l’INRH dans la lagune en septembre 1998 et février 2001. Les résultats du courant obtenus montrent que la circulation des eaux à l’intérieur de la lagune est gérée par un courant alternatif et bidirectionnel : les courants du jusant sont plus importants que ceux du flot et varient également en fonction du rythme de la marée vive-eau/morte-eau. Ce mode de circulation des eaux attribue à la lagune une richesse en éléments azotés et phosphatés, surtout en période de vive-eau. La biomasse chlorophyllienne, assez importante dans la lagune, est causée par la richesse du milieu en éléments nutritifs et le phénomène d’upwelling qui se manifeste en été et au printemps dans la zone sud du Maroc. Ces études ont montré que la lagune de Khnifiss est un milieu propice à la conchyliculture. Néanmoins, l’installation de tout projet aquacole dans le site devra tenir compte de sa capacité trophique et de son équilibre écologique.The Moroccan coastal marine area has several zones that are targets for exploitation but must simultaneously be protected. Lagoons are considered to be among the most productive natural systems in the world, but they are also vulnerable systems due to natural and human constraints. Lagoons can also be a target of economic expansion. This is why an understanding about the state of these ecosystems is important in order to proceed with rational use of the resource. The Khnifiss lagoon, situated on the South Atlantic coast of Morocco, is a potential site for aquaculture and tourism if planned with an ecological awareness. The large surface area and high biological production for the avifauna qualify it to be among the four protected sites by the RAMSAR convention for humid zone conservation (lagoons of Khnifiss and Moulay Bousselham, lakes of Sidi Boughaba and Afennourir). The objective of this work was to complete previous studies and to estimate the nutritive richness of the Khnifiss lagoon. To understand the spatio-temporal variability in the water currents, and the physico-chemical and biological and characteristics of this lagoon, two surveys were organized in September 1998 and February 2001.The Khnifiss lagoon (20 km long and 65 km2 surface area) is situated between Tantan and Tarfaya (28°02'54'' N, 12°13'66'' W). It opens up into the Atlantic ocean by a narrow inlet called ''Foum Agouitir'', about 100 m wide. The lagoon continues upstream beyond a salt marsh, called "Sebkha Tazra". Physical, chemical and biological variables were monitored: temperature and salinity; dissolved oxygen, nitrates and phosphates; chlorophyll a. The current (direction and intensity) and the sediment were also studied. Samples were collected four times from the surface and bottom waters during spring tide (ST), neap tide (NT), low tide (LT) and high tide (HT) during two seasons (September 1998 and February 2001). Seven hydrological stations were sampled, representing the lagoon system and one reference station in a neighbouring zone (Hréf), which represents the marine zone of the lagoon. Temperature and salinity were measured with a multi-sensor probe. The chemical analyses were carried out according to methods suggested by AMINOT & CHAUSSEPIED (1983). Thirty (30) sediment samples were also collected. Currents were measured at two fixed points by two current-meters.Based on the hydrological characteristics of the lagoon, especially temperature, salinity, water circulation and the nature of sediment, three zones were identified :1. Zone I (downstream from the lagoon) was dominated by the ocean’s influence and included the Hréf, H1 and H2 stations. Maximum depths varied from 2.5 to 6.6 m, depending on the tide and location. The concentrations of the different hydrological parameters were controlled by the plug effect of the oceanic environment. The most important current in the lagoon was recorded in this zone in the spring tide (ST: 110 cm.s-1). The sediment was coarse and important water - sediment exchange was caused by the strong current recorded in this zone.2. Zone II (middle of the lagoon) was a transition zone with an intermediate oceanic influence. It was situated between the H3 and H5 stations. The size of the inlet and the important exchanges governed by currents caused by strong tides resulted in concentrations of the various parameters being similar to those in Zone I. Depths varied from 2.64 to 8.7 m. Waters were more saline during the LT and NT periods (36-41 practical salinity unit, or psu). The current decreased relative to that is zone I (56 cm.s-1 in September 1998 and 78 cm.s-1 in February 2001). In this zone the current moved preferentially towards the right strand at high tide and toward the left strand at low tide.3. Zone III (upstream in the lagoon) covered a different biotope compared to the first two zones. The waters were less deep (2.64 to 5.3 m) and included the stations H6, H7 and the upper part of the lagoon. This zone was characterized by a very low oceanic influence. Water temperature and salinity were higher, 24-26°C and 41-44 psu respectively, during the LT and NT periods.On the basis of the hydrological zonation, the conjunction of the climate descriptors (moderate wind, rare precipitation, absence of storms, moderate air temperature) of the lagoon and the strong hydrodynamic influence in the lagoon suggest that the Knifiss lagoon is a relatively unconfined ecosystem. The hydrodynamics of this lagoon permit a fast water renewal rate and insure a good environmental quality. In addition, studies carried out on the healthiness of this lagoon demonstrated not only a healthy environment, but also healthy shellfish. This diagnosis seemed to be related to the geographical location and important rates of water exchange. However, the absence of continental freshwater sources leads to an important increase in salinity and temperature at the level of the upstream zone (zone III). Zone III therefore cannot be considered for shellfish breeding.On the basis of the biological zones: With respect to the bathymetry of the lagoon (depths varied from 2.5 to 8.7 m), shellfish, in contrast to fish, require less water depth. Therefore, it is sufficient to search for a less turbulent zone, which offers sufficient planktonic food for the shellfish growth. In the Khnifiss lagoon, the taxonomy of the phytoplankton has not been yet studied. However, BENNOUNA (1999) demonstrated that the phytoplankton community was dominated by dinoflagellates and diatoms in the Oualidia and Sidi Moussa lagoons. RHARBI (2000) found that picophytoplankton were the principal breeding food source of oysters and clams in Oualidia lagoon. The source of shellfish for breeding is located in the neighbouring upwelling marine waters. Development projects planned for the lagoon must include an awareness programme for fishermen about the role that moderate and responsible shellfish breeding programs can play in the preservation and reconstitution of the marine resource as well as in the improvement of their incomes

Pengaruh Perendaman Berbagai Jenis Jeruk Terhadap Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) Dan Kromium (Cr) Pada Kerang Hijau (Perna Viridis Linn)

Kerang hijau (Perna viridis Linn) merupakan filter feeder sehingga dapat mengakumulasi logam berat seperti timbal dan kromium yang dapat diturunkan dengan menggunakan senyawa asam sitrat yang terkandung di dalam jeruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh larutan jeruk terhadap penurunan kandungan timbal dan kromium pada kerang hijau. Metode penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). Penelitian pendahuluan didapatkan waktu terbaik larutan jeruk nipis yaitu 25 menit dengan konsentrasi sebesar 25%, kemudian digunakan dalam penelitian utama dengan perlakuan konsentrasi perendaman 25% dan lama perendaman 25 menit dan kontrol dengan pengulangan 3 kali. Metode analisa yang digunakan yaitu analisa kadar timbal, kromium, protein, air, pH dan asam sitrat. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan lama waktu perendaman dalam larutan jeruk memberikan pengaruh nyata (p<0,05) terhadap penurunan kandungan timbal, penurunan terendah terjadi pada perendaman dengan larutan jeruk purut dari 1,755 ppm menjadi 1,142 ppm yaitu 0,613 ppm (34,9%), sedangkan penurunan tertinggi terjadi pada perendaman larutan jeruk nipis dari 1,755 ppm menjadi 0,844 ppm yaitu 0,911 ppm (51,9%). Penurunan kandungan kromium terendah terjadi pada perendaman dengan larutan jeruk purut dari 1,098 ppm menjadi 0,492 ppm yaitu 0,606 ppm (55,19%) sedangkan penurunan tertinggi terjadi pada perendaman dengan larutan jeruk nipis dari 1,098 ppm menjadi 0,438 ppm yaitu 0,66 ppm (60,1%). Perbedaan jenis jeruk juga memberikan pengaruh nyata (p<0,05) terhadap kadar protein, kadar air dan pH. Hasil uji organoleptik terhadap kenampakan, bau dan tekstur tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata akan tetapi untuk rasa memberikan pengaruh nyata. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa jeruk nipis yang paling efektif dalam penurunan kandungan timbal dan kromium

Application of electromagnetic sensor in electro-pneumatic actuator displacement control under variable loads conditions: experimental analysis

Dead-zone is a major issue that degrades the performance of the positioning control system in the pneumatic proportional valve control system. In order to address the issue, a switching inverse dead-zone compensator was incorporated to the pole-placement control of the Electro-Pneumatic Actuator (EPA) systems driven by a proportional directional control valve. The focus of this study is to do an experimental analysis to evaluate the robustness of the system under varying loads and varying position distances. Electromagnetic sensor is used to measure the displacement of the pneumatic cylinder piston movement. In this paper, the EPA model was chosen as a Hammerstein model that contains an Autoregressive with exogenous term (ARX) model and a nonlinear dead-zone model. The ARX model is estimated using the Recursive Least Square (RLS) method and the nonlinear model is obtained by using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. The position tracking of the EPA system adapts to the pole-placement control law and is combined with switching inverse dead-zone in a feedforward manner. Experimental investigations were carried out for varying loads from 3.1 kg to 23.5 kg and varying position distances from 25 mm to 200 mm. Experimental results show that the EPA system controlled by the proposed controller is able to perform no overshoots for loads weighing less than 23.5 kg for all tested position distances. In addition, the proposed method achieved a steady state position error of 0.46 mm, a rise time of 0.21 s and a settling time of 0.49 s. The results demonstrated that as the load weight and position distance increased, transient time increased. However, the proposed method has successfully controlled the positioning of the EPA systems for all tested load weight and position distance

From Monodisciplinary via Multidisciplinary to an Interdisciplinary Approach Investigating Air-Sea Interactions – a SOLAS Initiative

Understanding the physical and biogeochemical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere is a vital component of environmental and Earth system research. The ability to predict and respond to future environmental change relies on a detailed understanding of these processes. The Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is an international research platform that focuses on the study of ocean-atmosphere interactions, for which Future Earth is a sponsor. SOLAS instigated a collaborative initiative process to connect efforts in the natural and social sciences related to these processes, as a contribution to the emerging Future Earth Ocean Knowledge-Action Network (Ocean KAN). This is imperative because many of the recent changes in the Earth system are anthropogenic. An understanding of adaptation and counteracting measures requires an alliance of scientists from both domains to bridge the gap between science and policy. To this end, three SOLAS research areas were targeted for a case study to determine a more effective method of interdisciplinary research: valuing carbon and the ocean’s role; air-sea interactions, policy and stewardship; and, air-sea interactions and the shipping industry

PRODUÇÃO ARTESANAL ENTRE OS WAI-WAI EM ESPAÇOS DE UMA CASA DE APOIO A SAÚDE INDÍGENA

Os povos indígenas possuem pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) o direito a serviços específicos da rede de atenção à saúde, entre eles polos administrativos e casas de apoio à saúde. No caso da etnia Wai-wai, estes recebem atendimento multiprofissional de saúde pela Casa de Apoio de Saúde Indígena de Oriximiná, município do oeste do Pará. São territórios, em geral, em um contexto biomédico, mas que se direcionam por práticas interculturais conforme preconizado pela Política Nacional de Atenção a Saúde dos Povos Indígenas..