36 research outputs found

    Microbiological status of industrial and handicraft produced minced meat from pork and "Frischer Zwiebelmettwurst"

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    Titelblatt, Inhaltsverzeichnis, Abkürzungsverzeichnis, Selbständigkeitserklärung, Lebenslauf, Danksagung 1\. Einleitung 2\. Literatur 3\. Eigene Untersuchungen 4\. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 5\. Schlussfolgerungen 6\. Zusammenfassung 7\. Summary 8\. Anhang LiteraturverzeichnisNach wie vor gelten für das Herstellen und Inverkehrbringen von Hackfleisch zwei verschiedene Rechtsnormen. Einerseits enthält die Fleischhygiene- Verordnung Vorschriften für EU-zugelassene Betriebe, während andererseits die Hackfleisch-Verordnung eine Rechtsgrundlage für handwerklich hergestelltes Hackfleisch darstellt. Frische Zwiebelmettwürste fallen nur dann nicht mehr unter letztgenannter Verordnung, wenn sie ausreichend gereift sind. Gemäß der Fleischhygiene-Verordnung gelten sie als Fleischerzeugnis und somit nicht zum Hackfleisch gehörig, sofern im Kern keine Merkmale von frischem Fleisch mehr vorhanden sind. Als Beurteilungsgrundlage für eine ausreichende Reifung legte der ALTS (1996) verschiedene Kriterien fest. Um den Einfluss dieser beiden Rechtsnormen und verschiedener Betriebsformen auf die mikrobiologische Beschaffenheit von Hackfleisch und Frischer Zwiebelmettwurst zu überprüfen sowie das Ausmaß der Belastung mit vancomycinresistenten Enterokokken festzustellen, wurden 207 Schweinehackfleischproben und 144 Zwiebelmettwürste mit einem umfangreichen Plattensatz bakteriologisch analysiert. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigten einen deutlichen Zusammenhang zwischen der mikrobiologischen Beschaffenheit des Hackfleisches bzw. der Frischen Zwiebelmettwurst einerseits sowie der Betriebsform andererseits. Hackfleisch, welches der Fleischhygiene-Verordnung unterlag, wies bei nahezu allen überprüften Parametern eine deutlich geringere Keimbelastung auf. Danach folgte in Fleischereien erzeugtes Schweinehack. Die höchsten Keimzahlen, mit mehr als zwei Zehnerpotenzen Unterschied zum EU-Hackfleisch, fanden sich in Gehacktem, welches in den Fleischabteilungen von Supermärkten produziert wurde. Bei der Frischen Zwiebelmettwurst verhielt es sich ähnlich. Auch hier wiesen die Proben aus industrieller Herstellung bei fast allen überprüften Parametern ? mit Ausnahme der Mikroorganismen, die als Starterkulturen Verwendung finden und in nahezu gleich großen Mengen vorgefunden wurden ? eine deutlich geringere Keimbelastung auf, als in Fleischereien produzierte Rohwürste. Zieht man zur Beurteilung der Hackfleischproben den Grenzwert M für die aerobe mesophile Gesamtkeimzahl aus der Fleischhygiene-Verordnung heran, so überschritten beim Schweinehack aus Fleischereien 18,8 % der Proben und bei Gehacktem aus Fleischabteilungen von Supermärkten 47,2 % der Proben das Limit, während die Beanstandungsquote für EU-Hackfleisch 4,5 % erreichte. Werden die Zwiebelmettwurstproben gemäß der ALTS-Kriterien pH-Wert < 5,6; D -Milchsäure-Gehalt > 0,2 g/100 g sowie dominierende Fermentationsflora (mindestens 107 Milchsäurebildner/g) bewertet, so erreichten bei den EU-Proben 68,0 % der Würste alle drei Parameter, während es in der Vergleichsgruppe nur 52,2 % waren. 33,3 % der handwerklich produzierten Rohwürste hielten alle diese drei Kriterien nicht ein und wären demnach noch als Rohwursthalbfabrikat einzustufen. In der Gruppe der Würste aus EU-zugelassenen Betrieben entsprachen 20 % der Proben den drei Reifungskriterien nicht. Die Nachweisquote für Salmonellen zeigte in industriell und in Fleischereien erzeugtem Schweinehack keine Unterschiede und lag mit ca. 3 % auf einem recht niedrigen Niveau. Industriell hergestellte Frische Zwiebelmettwurst erwies sich im Vergleich zu den Würsten aus Fleischereien (1,4 % positive Proben) ebenso wie Hackfleisch aus Fleischabteilungen von Supermärkten als salmonellenfrei. Die Auffindungsrate von Listeria monocytogenes zeigte deutliche Differenzen zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen. Dieser Keim konnte im Falle des Gehacktem aus 6,1 % der EU-Proben sowie aus 14,5 % (Fleischereien) bzw. 19,4 % (Supermärkte) der Handwerksproben isoliert werden. Bei den Rohwürsten lagen ähnliche Nachweishäufigkeiten vor. Hier wurde Listeria monocytogenes aus 5,3 % der EU- Würste und aus 11,6 % der Fleischerei-Proben kultiviert. Vancomycinresistente Enterokokken konnten weder im Hackfleisch noch in den streichfähigen Rohwürsten nachgewiesen werden.Until now two different legal standards apply to the productions of minced meat. On the one hand, the meat-hygiene-regulation contains instructions for EU-licensed meat-processing plants, on the other hand the national minced- meat-regulation forms the legal ground for craft-made minced meat. "Frische Zwiebelmettwürste" (a fresh spreadable German fermented pork-sausage) don't come under the latter regulation only if they have completed their fermentation. According to the meat-hygiene-regulation they count as a meat product and therefore not as minced meat, unless there aren't any features of fresh meat left in the core. As a basis for appraisal of adequate ripening the ALTS (1996) defined several criteria. To check the influence of this two legal standards and various operating forms on the microbiological condition of minced meat and "Frische Zwiebelmettwurst" and to determine the extend of contamination with vancomycin resistant enterococci, a total of 207 samples of minced pork meat and 144 ?Zwiebelmettwürste? has been analyzed bacteriologically with an extensive plate set. The results of the researchs showed the microbiological condition of the minced meat resp. the ?Frische Zwiebelmettwurst? and the operating forms are tightly connected. Minced meat that was processed according to the meat- hygiene-regulation had a lower contamination with micro-organisms at nearly all checked parameters. It was followed by minced pork meat that was processed in butcher shops. The highest bacterial rates (more than hundred times as high as to those rates of EU-minced meat) were found in minced meat that had been processed at meat sections of supermarkets. The results with the ?Frische Zwiebelmettwurst? were similar. Here also the samples taken from industrial processing showed a distinctively lower bacterial contamination in nearly all tested parameters than the raw sausages produced at butcher shops. Only those microorganisms that are used as starting cultures had been counted at nearly equally high rates. If the limit M for the mesophilic aerobic plate count from the meat-hygiene- regulation is used for appraisal of the minced meat samples, 18.8 % of all samples collected from butcher shops and 47.2 % of all samples collected from meat sections of supermarkets exceeded the limit, compared to 4.5 % of all samples consisting EU-minced meat. By assessing the ?Zwiebelmettwurst? samples according to the ALTS-criteria (pH factor 0.2 g/100 g; dominating fermentation flora with at least 107 lactic acid bacteria/g), 68.0 % of the EU samples achieved all parameters, with only 52.2 % in the category of comparison. 33.3 % of the craft-made raw sausages didn?t achieve these three criteria and therefore would have been declared as unfermented minced meat due to the regulations. In the category of sausages from EU-licensed companies 20 % of the samples didn?t fulfil the three criteria for ripening. The verification rate of salmonellae in minced pork meat showed itself at a relatively low level, reaching only about 3 percent. The rate didn?t differ between meat with industrial origin and craft origin. "Frische Zwiebelmettwurst" and also minced meat taken from meat sections of supermarkets were free of salmonellae, compared to the sausages from butcher shops that showed 1.4 % positive tests. The detection rate of Listeria monocytogenes revealed strong differences between the categories. Looking at the minced meat, this microorganism could be isolated at 6.1 % of the EU samples, compared to 14.5 % (butcher shops) and 19.4 % (supermarkets) of the craft samples. The rates with the raw sausages were similar: here Listeria monocytogenes was cultivated from 5.3 % of the EU sausages and 11.6 % of the butchery samples. Vancomycin resistant enterococci were detected neither in minced meat nor in spreadable fermented sausages

    Life adversities of clients seeking advice for suicidal ideation from an online peer counseling service: Characteristics and associations with outcomes

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    Objective: [U25] Germany is a low-threshold, anonymous and free-of-charge online suicide prevention service for people up to 25 years of age. Its special feature is that counseling is provided by trained and continuously supervised voluntary peers. This study addresses the following research questions: (1) Which life adversities are reported by the clients of [U25]? (2) Are the life adversities intercorrelated? (3) According to patients, do life adversities change during the counseling process? (4) What are the associations between life adversities and outcome measures (e.g., reduction in suicidality or improvement in general situation)? Method: Data was collected through an online survey (n = 318). To measure psychological burden, the presence of 16 life adversities (e.g., problems in relationships) was assessed retrospectively. As the dependent variable, the change in suicidality was measured by means of three newly created items. In addition, a short form of the Bochum Change Questionnaire 2000 (BCQ 2000) was used to assess the patients’ subjectively perceived change due to counseling. Results: Regarding life adversities, the clients were heavily burdened. Throughout the course of counseling, many clients’ situations improved, at least concerning several adversities. Some life adversities significantly correlate with each other, but the correlation is mostly small to moderate. Suicidality is positively correlated with self-harming behaviors and loss of someone close to the advice seekers. Conclusions: Possible starting points for improving online counseling for suicidal adolescents and young adults are discussed

    Brainspotting – the efficacy of a new therapy approach for the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in comparison to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

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    Objective: This study aims at determining the efficacy of the new therapy approach Brainspotting (BSP) in comparison to the established Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) approach for the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Method: The sample consisted of 76 adult seeking professional help after they have been affected by a traumatic event. Clients were either treated with three 60-minute sessions of EMDR (n=23) or BSP (n=53) according to a standard protocol. Primary outcomes assessed were self-reports of the severity of PTSD symptoms. Secondary outcomes included self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Assessments were conducted at pretreatment, posttreatment and 6 month after the treatment. Results: Participants in both conditions showed significant reductions in PTSD symptoms. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) from baseline to posttreatment concerning PTSD related symptoms were between 1.19 - 1.76 for clients treated with EMDR and 0.74 - 1.04 for clients treated with BSP. Conclusion: Our results indicate that Brainspotting seems to be an effective alternative therapeutic approach for clients who experienced a traumatic event and/or with PTSD

    Studi Efisiensi Sistem Prasedimentasi Dan Free Water Surface Wetland Dalam Menurunkan Kadar Nitrat, Fosfat, Kekeruhan, Zat Organik Dan Total Coli

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    Boezem Wonorejo saat ini telah dikembangkan menjadi tempat wisata yaitu Ekowisata Mangrove. Sampai saat ini pihak pengelola boezem masih kesulitan dalam penyediaan air bersihnya Sungai Jagir yang mengalir di sekitar wilayah Ekowisata tersebut merupakan sumber air permukaan yang berpotensi sebagai pemenuhan kebutuhan tersebut secara kuantitatif. Agar dapat terpenuhi secara kualitatif, maka Perlu dilakukan penelitian awal untuk mengetahui efisiensi penurunan kadar Nitrat, Fosfat, Zat Organik, Kekeruhan maupun Total Coli. Dalam penelitian ini akan digunakan rangkaian suatu sistem pengolahan Prasedimentasi dan Free Water Surface wetland skala laboratoium, Dengan variabel ukuran media pasir (16-32 mesh dan lolos 32 mesh) dan umur mangrove (3 bulan dan 6 bulan) yang akan di analisis di laboratorium Teknik Lingkungan ITS. Dari hasil analisis didapat removal maksimum untuk kekeruhan pada prasedimentasi 46,5%, sedangkan pada wetland yaitu pada media pasir mesh 16-32 dan mangrove 6 bulan yaitu 94,8%. Presentase maksimum removal nitrat pada prasedimentasi yaitu 17,8%, removal maksimum pada wetland dengan mangrove 6 bulan dan media pasir lolos 32 mesh yaitu 53,6%. Pada mangrove sendiri removal makismum terdapat pada umur 6 bulan dengan besar removal 36,5%. Removal maksimum fosfat terbesar pada prasedimentasi yaitu 64,3%, untuk Reaktor Wetland yaitu pada wetland dengan mangrove 6 bulan dan media pasir lolos mesh 32 sebesar 90,5%. Untuk . Mangrovenya sendiri mampu meremoval maksimum pada umur 6 bulan dengan besar 53,8%. Presentase removal maksimum zat organik pada prasedimentasi sebesar 35,7%, pada reaktor wetland sebesar 21,8% dengan ukuran media pasir mesh 16-32 dan umur mangrove 3 bulan

    Toward Sharing Brain Images: Differentially Private TOF-MRA Images With Segmentation Labels Using Generative Adversarial Networks

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    Sharing labeled data is crucial to acquire large datasets for various Deep Learning applications. In medical imaging, this is often not feasible due to privacy regulations. Whereas anonymization would be a solution, standard techniques have been shown to be partially reversible. Here, synthetic data using a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) with differential privacy guarantees could be a solution to ensure the patient's privacy while maintaining the predictive properties of the data. In this study, we implemented a Wasserstein GAN (WGAN) with and without differential privacy guarantees to generate privacy-preserving labeled Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography (TOF-MRA) image patches for brain vessel segmentation. The synthesized image-label pairs were used to train a U-net which was evaluated in terms of the segmentation performance on real patient images from two different datasets. Additionally, the Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) was calculated between the generated images and the real images to assess their similarity. During the evaluation using the U-Net and the FID, we explored the effect of different levels of privacy which was represented by the parameter ϵ. With stricter privacy guarantees, the segmentation performance and the similarity to the real patient images in terms of FID decreased. Our best segmentation model, trained on synthetic and private data, achieved a Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of 0.75 for ϵ = 7.4 compared to 0.84 for ϵ = ∞ in a brain vessel segmentation paradigm (DSC of 0.69 and 0.88 on the second test set, respectively). We identified a threshold of ϵ <5 for which the performance (DSC <0.61) became unstable and not usable. Our synthesized labeled TOF-MRA images with strict privacy guarantees retained predictive properties necessary for segmenting the brain vessels. Although further research is warranted regarding generalizability to other imaging modalities and performance improvement, our results mark an encouraging first step for privacy-preserving data sharing in medical imaging

    Transdermal Fentanyl Uptake at Two Different Patch Locations in Swiss White Alpine Sheep

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    When using animals in biomedical research, investigators have the responsibility to ensure adequate analgesia. Currently, transdermal fentanyl patches (TFP) are often used to provide postoperative analgesia in large laboratory animals. The aim of this study was to compare the fentanyl uptake resulting from TFP applied at two different locations, namely the foreleg and the thorax, in healthy adult sheep. Twelve sheep received a TFP with an intended dosage of 2 ug/kg/h. Blood samples were taken at different time points over a period of five days and the fentanyl plasma levels were measured. The TFP applied on the foreleg allowed a faster fentanyl uptake with higher peaks and a longer time within or above the target concentration of 0.6-1.5 ng/mL, shown to be analgesic in humans, when compared to the one on the thorax. Assuming that the effective plasma concentration described for humans is providing analgesia in sheep as well, the present findings suggest that it should be sufficient to apply the TFP 3-6 h before the painful insult and that its effect should last at least 48 h. Furthermore, when TFP are used to provide postoperative analgesia in sheep, they should be placed on the foreleg rather than on the thorax

    Customization of the lysis and reaction setup steps of FastLane Cell kits for an automated workflow

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    Automated workflows can be optimized for enhanced flexibility by determining the steps within the protocol that tolerate extended storage of assay components. We determined the tolerated stopping points and storage conditions in a multiplex real-time RT-PCR workflow using the FastLane Cell Multiplex Kit. Breaks were introduced within the procedure and the effect of incubation times and temperatures on the observed CT values were measured. Using these parameters, we provide guidance on adapting the protocol to enable an automated workflow. We also suggest steps for achieving optimal results when using FastLane Cell kits with TaqMan Gene Expression Assays

    Wirken Online-Peer-Suizidpräventionsprogramme?

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    Theoretischer Hintergrund: Suizid ist weltweit die zweithäufigste Todesursache bei jungen Menschen. Es scheint sinnvoll, speziell auf diese Zielgruppe zugeschnittene Angebote anzubieten. Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist, den von den Nutzenden wahrgenommenen Beratungserfolg eines Online-Peer-Suizidpräventionsprogramms zu ermitteln und zu prüfen, welche Merkmale mit dem Beratungserfolg zusammenhängen. Methode: Daten eines Online-Fragebogens wurden ausgewertet (N = 318). Ergebnisse: Bei zwei Drittel der Befragten verminderte sich die Suizidalität. Wichtige Variablen zur Vorhersage der Veränderung der Suizidalität waren der Eindruck der Ratsuchenden, dass die Peers die persönlichen Anliegen verstehen und die Anregung zu einer Verhaltensänderung. Das Peer-Verhalten trug signifikant zur Vorhersage der subjektiven Nützlichkeit und der allgemeinen Situation bei. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studie liefert positive Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Evaluierung der Online-Suizidpräventions-Beratung. Da das Gefühl, verstanden zu werden und das Peer-Verhalten im Zusammenhang mit dem Beratungserfolg stehen, könnte der Peer-Ansatz und die damit einhergehende positive Beziehungserfahrung wichtig sein

    Gesundheitszustand und Berufszufriedenheit von angestellten und selbstständigen Ärztinnen und Ärzten (Teil II)

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    Schmeißer K, Hübler A, Dizinger V, Scheuch K, Müller G, Kunath H. Gesundheitszustand und Berufszufriedenheit von angestellten und selbstständigen Ärztinnen und Ärzten (Teil II). Ärzteblatt Sachsen. 2008;(10):516-517
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