Impacto de las microfinanzas en la educación formal de niños en hogares de Bolivia

Los programas de microfinanzas, a la vez que estrategia para reducir la pobreza, pueden tener efecto en el desempeño escolar de los hijos de sus clientes. Este trabajo utiliza datos de tres encuestas realizadas a hogares clientes de organizaciones microfinancieras en Bolivia, para examinar diferentes canales mediante los cuales éstas pueden generar impacto en la escolaridad. Se identifican cinco canales o efectos: ingreso, manejo de riesgo, demanda por trabajo infantil, género e información. Los resultados desafían los supuestos usuales acerca de los programas de microfinanzas. En particular, para algunos hogares, el acceso a crédito tiene efectos conflictivos con la permanencia de los niños en el sistema educativo, ya que, aunque incrementa la demanda por educación como resultado de los efectos ingreso, manejo de riesgo, género e información, hogares que ganan acceso a microfinanzas descubren nuevas demandas por trabajo infantil. De estos resultados paradójicos se derivan significativas consecuencias de política.microcrédito, desarrollo, educación, vinculación escolar, reducción de pobreza, Bolivia

Comparison of deep learning and analytic image processing methods for autonomous inspection of railway bolts and clips

In this work, different methods are proposed and compared for autonomous inspection of railway bolts and clips. A prototype of an autonomous data acquisition system was developed to automatically obtain information of the state of the railway track using LiDAR and camera sensors. This system was employed in a testing railway track installed in the facilities of the University of Vigo to obtain the images used in this work. Then, the images were further processed using analytic image segmentation algorithms as well as a neural network to detect the bolts and clips. Once these elements are detected, their relative position is computed to evaluate if there is any missing component. Finally, the orientation of the clips is computed to ensure that all the bolts are correctly placed. Four different methods were implemented, and their performance was evaluated using the segmentations provided by the analytical methods and the neural network.Ministerio de Universidades | Ref. FPU21/01176Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. PLEC2021-007940Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan of the European Union – NextGenerationEU (University of Vigo) | Ref. 58550

UAV and satellite imagery applied to alien species mapping in NW Spain

Image classification stands as an essential tool for automated mapping, that is demanded by agencies and stakeholders dealing with geospatial information. Decreasing costs or UAV-based surveying and open access to high resolution satellite images such as that provided by European Union’s Copernicus programme are the basis for multi-temporal landscape analysis and monitoring. Besides that, invasive alien species are considered a risk for biodiversity and their inventory is needed for further control and eradication. In this work, a methodology for semi-automatic detection of invasive alien species through UAV surveying and Sentinel 2 satellite monitoring is presented and particularized for Acacia dealbata Link species in the province of Pontevedra, in NW Spain. We selected a scenario with notable invasion of Acaciae and performed a UAS surveying to outline feasible training areas. Such areas were used as bounds for obtaining a spectral response of the cover from Sentinel 2 images with a level of processing 2A, that was used for invasive area detection. Sparse detected areas were treated as a seed for a region growing step to obtain the final map of alien species.Deputación de Pontevedra | Ref. 17/410.1720.789.0

Relative pose determination algorithm for space on-orbit close range autonomous operation using LiDAR

Non cooperative on-orbit operations, such as rendezvous, docking or berthing operations, have become more relevant, mainly due to the necessity of expanding mission lifetimes, the increase of space debris and the reduction of human dependency. In order to automate these operations, the relative pose calculation between the target and the chaser must be determined autonomously. In recent years, LiDAR sensors have been introduced for this problem, achieving good accuracies. The critical part of this operation is the first relative pose calculation, since there is no previous information about the attitude of the target. In this work, a methodology to carry out this first relative pose calculation using LiDAR sensors is presented. A template matching algorithm has been developed, which uses the 3D model of the target to calculate the relative pose of the target regarding the LiDAR sensor. Three different study cases, with different distances and rotations, have been simulated in order to validate the algorithm, reaching an average error of 0.0383m

Spatial analysis of tree species before forest fires

Spain is included in the top five European countries with the highest number of wildfires. The occurrence and magnitude of forest fires involves aspects of a very diverse nature, from those of a socio-economic, climatic, or physiographic nature, to those concerning fuel or the availability and quantity of resources and means of extinction. The distribution of wildfires in Galicia is not random and that fire occurrence may depend on ownership conflicts also a spatial dependence between productive or non-productive area exists. Satellite data play a major role in providing knowledge about fires by delivering rapid information to map fire-damaged areas precisely and promptly. In addition, the availability of large-scale data and the high temporal resolution offered by the Sentinel-2 satellite enables to classify and determine the land cover changes with high accuracy. This study describes a methodology to detect burned areas and analyse the Land Cover and Land Use (LCLU) classes present in these areas during the period of 5 years (2016–2021) by Sentinel-2 images. The training areas were obtained by photointerpretation and the image classification was performed using the Random Forest algorithm which shows an overall accuracy range between 80–85%. The methodology concluded that Lobios and Muiños were the most affected municipalities by wildfires. Additionally, the spatial analysis determined that the Deciduous Forest mainly composed by Quercus sp. were the most affected in 2017 followed by Coniferous Forest mainly composed by Pinus sp.in 2016. Although, Scrub and Rock are the classes more affected for wildfire during 2016–2020 period.Universidade de Vigo | Ref. 00VI 131H 6410211Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PCI2020-120705-2Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B-2019-061Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2020/0

Scan planning and route optimization for control of execution of as-designed BIM

Abstract. Scan-to-BIM systems have been recently proposed for the dimensional and quality assessment of as-built construction components with planned works. The procedure is generally based on the geometric alignment and comparison of as-built laser scans with as-designed BIM models. A major concern in Scan-to-BIM procedures is point cloud quality in terms of data completeness and consequently, the scanning process should be designed in order to obtain a full coverage of the scene while avoiding major occlusions. This work proposes a method to optimize the number and scan positions for Scan-to-BIM procedures following stop & go scanning. The method is based on a visibility analysis using a ray-tracing algorithm. In addition, the optimal route between scan positions is formulated as a travelling salesman problem and solved using a suboptimal ant colony optimization algorithm. The distribution of candidate positions follows a grid-based structure, although other distributions based on triangulation or tessellation can be implemented to reduce the number of candidate positions and processing time.Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B 2016/079-0Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2016- 038Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad | Ref. TIN2016-77158- C4-2-RMinisterio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad | Ref. RTC-2016-5257-

Point cloud simulator for space in-orbit close range autonomous operations

In recent years, many different in-orbit close-range autonomous operations have been developed for multiple purposes, such as rendezvous and docking operations or ADR operations. In both cases, the systems have to calculate the relative position between the spacecraft and the target in order to control the orbital manoeuvres and the physic interaction between both systems. One of the sensors used for the pose calculation for these operations are LiDAR sensors, developing pose calculation algorithms that process the point cloud acquired by these sensors. One of the main problems for the development and testing of these algorithms is the lack of real data acquired in orbit and the difficulty of acquiring this data. This makes it fundamental to develop a simulator to generate realistic point clouds that can be used to develop and test pose calculation algorithms. This work presents a simulator developed for this purpose, that is the generation of realistic point clouds for algorithm development for pose calculation using LiDAR sensors for space in-orbit close range autonomous operations. The simulator uses the LiDAR sensor specifications, in order to introduces measurement errors and the scanning pattern, and 3D model of the satellite or object that is scanned.Universidade de Vigo | Ref. 58550

A benchmarking of commercial small fixed-wing electric UAVs and RGB cameras for photogrammetry monitoring in intertidal multi-regions

Small fixed-wing electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are perfect candidates to perform tasks in wide areas, such as photogrammetry, surveillance, monitoring, or search and rescue, among others. They are easy to transport and assemble, have much greater range and autonomy, and reach higher speeds than rotatory-wing UAVs. Aiming to contribute towards their future implementation, the objective of this article is to benchmark commercial, small, fixed-wing, electric UAVs and compatible RGB cameras to find the best combination for photogrammetry and data acquisition of mussel seeds and goose barnacles in a multi-region intertidal zone of the south coast of Galicia (NW of Spain). To compare all the options, a Coverage Path Planning (CPP) algorithm enhanced for fixed-wing UAVs to cover long areas with sharp corners was posed, followed by a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) to find the best route between regions. Results show that two options stand out from the rest: the Delair DT26 Open Payload with a PhaseOne iXM-100 camera (shortest path, minimum number of pictures and turns) and the Heliplane LRS 340 PRO with the Sony Alpha 7R IV sensor, finishing the task in the minimum time.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2021-125060OB-I00Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. TED2021-129756B-C31Ministerio de Universidades | Ref. FPU21/01176Universidade de Vig

Experiencias y resultados para facilitar la compatibilización de un máster interuniversitario con un trabajo a tiempo completo

Presentamos un Máster interuniversitario en Geoinformática, impartido por las universidades de A Coruña y Vigo, y diseñado para que el alumno trabajador pueda seguir las clases. El máster se basa en el uso de una plataforma online que permite la visualización de las clases tanto en tiempo real como en diferido y en el esfuerzo del profesorado para transformar sus materias. La visualización de una clase incluye la interacción entre el profesorado y el alumnado, así como la compartición de documentos, pantalla o pizarra. Hemos realizado encuestas tanto al alumnado como al profesorado y analizado los resultados de satisfacción. Como punto negativo, se ha observado la reticencia de una parte menor del profesorado a emplear este nuevo sistema.We present an interuniversity master degree in Geoinformatics, offered by the universities of A Coruña and Vigo, and designed to allow working students to follow the lessons. The master is based on the use of a digital platform that allows both live and on-demand visualization of lectures, and on the effort of the faculty to transform the subjects. The visualization of a lecture includes the interaction between professors and students, as well as the possibility of sharing documents, screens or digital blackboards. We have conducted surveys to professors and students and analyzed the results. As a negative point, we have observed that a small part of the faculty have reservations to use the system

Metrological intercomparison of six terrestrial laser scanning systems

6 p.Intercomparison among six terrestrial laser scanner systems focused on the measurement of small elements ( <; 0.5 m) is performed. Phase shift (PS) and time of flight (ToF) scanners are considered. Two standard artefacts containing three-dimensional printing spheres and steps of variable height are used for the experiment. Results show errors between -4.5 and 3.5 mm in the measurement of distances between step planes. The most stable systems for measuring small elements seem the Leica C10, Faro Photon and Riegl LMS Z390i. The quality of the results is linked to the overall quality of the system rather than the specific technology used for range measurement (PS or ToF) which does not appear to be a determining factor.S