Tous les hommes sont mortels, ou, du Locus à l'Elocutio. A propos d'une ode d'Horace

Si l'on considère l'Ode II, 14 comme le développement d'un lieu commun, l'élaboration du poème apparaît comme la mise en mots du locus . Le travail de l' elocutio y est patent et fructueux. Non seulement les figures abondent, mais, en les repérant et en les définissant, le lecteur est conduit à une plus juste définition du sens et à une appréciation plus précise de l'art d'Horace.If Ode II.14 is considered as the development of some common place, the poem's elaboration seems like the putting into words of locus. The role of the elocutio is manifest and fruitful. Not only do rhetorical figures abound, but by locating and defining them, the reader arrives at a more just definition of their meaning and at a more precise understanding of Horace's art

Antarctic Bottom Water in CMIP5 models : characteristics, formation, evolution

Observations suggest that the properties of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are changing, causing significant steric sea level rise. Understanding the causes of these changes is critical for projections of future sea level, yet previous generations of climate models failed to represent AABW accurately. Present-day biases in AABW potential temperature, salinity and density are assessed for models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). CMIP5 models either have inaccurate bottom water properties in the present-day Southern Ocean or form AABW via the wrong process, open ocean deep convection in the subpolar gyres. Under climate change scenarios, open ocean deep convection is responsible for bringing the warming signal to the Southern Ocean abyss. It is then advected equatorwards by AABW transport. In turn, the decrease in density associated with the warming results in a weakened density-driven AABW transport. The mean of 24 CMIP5 models projects a mean global steric sea level rise of 3.8 mm by 2100 for the abyssal 500 m, albeit with a large uncertainty due to the cross-model disagreement on bottom salinity changes. The parameterisation of overflows does not show an improvement in AABW properties. Sensitivity experiments are performed on the model HadGEM3. The trigger for deep convection in the Weddell Sea, a positive sea ice anomaly leading to anomalies in the mixed layer depth, is identified. Varying three vertical mixing parameters modifies the original mixed layer anomaly, leading to a range of responses from arrested deep convection to deep convection over the entire Weddell Sea. In the arrested convection simulations, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current strength is improved and the AABW properties and North Atlantic Deep Water formation are unchanged. These experiments indicate a possible way to stop Weddell Sea deep convection in models, to improve their Southern Ocean representation

Énée sur le chemin de la tolérance

Il semble que la voix de Virgile possède naturellement la tessiture pour chanter la tolérance. Le héros qu'il façonne à son goût est doué pour cette qualité-là, en particulier pour l'accueil de l'autre, de l'étranger, voire de l'ennemi. Mais la richesse de ce que peint le poète apparaît pleinement dans les cas limites, quand il met cette âme d'élite en contact avec l'intolérable.It seems that the voice of Virgil naturally possesses the range required to sing of tolerance. The hero that he fashioned after his own liking is gifted for that quality — in particular, for receptiveness to the other, the foreigner, and indeed the enemy. But the richness of the poet's depiction stands out most fully in the situations of extremity, when he places this elite soul in contact with the intolerable

Antidepressant Effects Associated With Different Exercise Conditions in Participants With Depression: A Pilot Study

17 pagesInternational audienceIn this paper, we examined the antidepressant influence of an 8-week long aerobic exercise intervention in which two training parameters were manipulated: exercise frequency and group environment. Twenty-three individuals with elevated symptoms of depression were recruited in a sport and fitness facility and agreed to participate in this 8-week long study. They were randomly assigned to (a) a low-frequency exercise (control) group (n = 7), (b) a high-frequency exercise group (n = 8), and (c) a high-frequency exercise+group-based intervention group (n = 8). Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at study entry, 4 and 8 weeks later. The results showed that those in the high-frequency aerobic exercise experimental groups reported lower depression scores than those in the low-frequency (control) group at 4 weeks [13.2 ± 7.3 and 11.7 ± 3.1 vs. 22.4 ± 7.5] and 8 weeks [10.9 ± 8.1 and 9.6 ± 2.5 vs. 20.7 ± 6.3]. However, alleviation in depressive symptoms was not found to be greater in those participants who received a group-based intervention

The Atlantic inflow across the Greenland-Scotland ridge in global climate models (CMIP5)

Oceanic heat transport from the North Atlantic to the Arctic through the Nordic Seas is a key component of the climate system that has to be modelled accurately in order to predict, for example, future Arctic sea ice changes or European climate. Here we quantify biases in the climatological state and dynamics of the transport of oceanic heat into the Nordic Seas across the Greenland-Scotland ridge in 23 state-of-the-art global climate models that participated in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project phase 5. The mean poleward heat transport, its seasonal cycle and interannual variability are inconsistently represented across these models, with a vast majority underestimating them and a few models greatly overestimating them. The main predictor for these biases is the resolution of the model via its representation of the Greenland-Scotland ridge bathymetry: the higher the resolution, the larger the heat transport through the section. The second predictor is the large-scale ocean circulation, which is also connected to the bathymetry: models with the largest heat transport import water from the European slope current into all three straits of the Greenland-Scotland ridge, whereas those with a weak transport import water from the Labrador Sea. The third predictor is the spatial pattern of their main atmospheric modes of variability (North Atlantic Oscillation, East Atlantic and Scandinavian patterns), where the models with a weak inflow have their atmospheric low-pressure centre shifted south towards the central Atlantic. We argue that the key to a better representation of the large-scale oceanic heat transport from the North Atlantic to the Arctic in global models resides not only in higher resolution, but also in a better bathymetry and representation of the complex ocean-ice-atmosphere interactions.publishedVersio

Antidepressant Effects Associated With Different Exercise Conditions in Participants With Depression: A Pilot Study

17 pagesInternational audienceIn this paper, we examined the antidepressant influence of an 8-week long aerobic exercise intervention in which two training parameters were manipulated: exercise frequency and group environment. Twenty-three individuals with elevated symptoms of depression were recruited in a sport and fitness facility and agreed to participate in this 8-week long study. They were randomly assigned to (a) a low-frequency exercise (control) group (n = 7), (b) a high-frequency exercise group (n = 8), and (c) a high-frequency exercise+group-based intervention group (n = 8). Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at study entry, 4 and 8 weeks later. The results showed that those in the high-frequency aerobic exercise experimental groups reported lower depression scores than those in the low-frequency (control) group at 4 weeks [13.2 ± 7.3 and 11.7 ± 3.1 vs. 22.4 ± 7.5] and 8 weeks [10.9 ± 8.1 and 9.6 ± 2.5 vs. 20.7 ± 6.3]. However, alleviation in depressive symptoms was not found to be greater in those participants who received a group-based intervention

Increasing vertical mixing to reduce Southern Ocean deep convection in NEMO3.4

Most CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models unrealistically form Antarctic Bottom Water by open ocean deep convection in the Weddell and Ross seas. To identify the mechanisms triggering Southern Ocean deep convection in models, we perform sensitivity experiments on the ocean model NEMO3.4 forced by prescribed atmospheric fluxes. We vary the vertical velocity scale of the Langmuir turbulence, the fraction of turbulent kinetic energy transferred below the mixed layer, and the background diffusivity and run short simulations from 1980. All experiments exhibit deep convection in the Riiser-Larsen Sea in 1987; the origin is a positive sea ice anomaly in 1985, causing a shallow anomaly in mixed layer depth, hence anomalously warm surface waters and subsequent polynya opening. Modifying the vertical mixing impacts both the climatological state and the associated surface anomalies. The experiments with enhanced mixing exhibit colder surface waters and reduced deep convection. The experiments with decreased mixing give warmer surface waters, open larger polynyas causing more saline surface waters and have deep convection across the Weddell Sea until the simulations end. Extended experiments reveal an increase in the Drake Passage transport of 4 Sv each year deep convection occurs, leading to an unrealistically large transport at the end of the simulation. North Atlantic deep convection is not significantly affected by the changes in mixing parameters. As new climate model overflow parameterisations are developed to form Antarctic Bottom Water more realistically, we argue that models would benefit from stopping Southern Ocean deep convection, for example by increasing their vertical mixing