Fundamental Magnetic Properties and Structural Implications for Nanocrystalline Fe-Ti-N Thin Films

The magnetization (M) as a function of temperature (T) from 2 to 300 K and in-plane field (H) up to 1 kOe, room temperature easy and hard direction in-plane field hysteresis loops for fields between -100 and +100 Oe, and 10 GHz ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) profiles have been measured for a series of soft-magnetic nano-crystalline 50 nm thick Fe-Ti-N films made by magnetron sputtering in an in-plane field. The nominal titanium concentration was 3 at. % and the nitrogen concentrations (xN) ranged from zero to 12.7 at. %. The saturation magnetization (Ms) vs. T data and the extracted exchange parameters as a function of xN are consistent with a lattice expansion due to the addition of interstitial nitrogen in the body-centered-cubic (bcc) lattice and a structural transition to body-centered-tetragonal (bct) in the 6-8 at. % nitrogen range. The hysteresis loop and FMR data show a consistent picture of the changes in both the uniaxial and cubic anisotropy as a function of xN. Films with xN > 1.9 at. % show an overall uniaxial anisotropy, with an anisotropy field parameter Hu that increases with xN. The corresponding dispersion averaged uniaxial anisotropy energy density parameter = HuMs/2 is a linear function of xN, with a rate of increase of 950 erg/cm3 per at. % nitrogen. The estimated uniaxial anisotropy energy per nitrogen atom is 30 J/mol, a value consistent with other systems. For xN below 6 at. %, the scaling of coercive force Hc data with the sixth power of the grain size D indicate a grain averaged effective cubic anisotropy energy density parameter that is about an order of magnitude smaller that the nominal K1 values for iron, and give a quantitative vs. D response that matches predictions for exchange coupled random grains with cubic anisotropy.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figure

The Projective Line Over the Finite Quotient Ring GF(2)[xx]/<x3−x>< x^{3} - x> and Quantum Entanglement I. Theoretical Background

The paper deals with the projective line over the finite factor ring $R\_{\clubsuit} \equiv$ GF(2)[$x$]/$$. The line is endowed with 18 points, spanning the neighbourhoods of three pairwise distant points. As $R\_{\clubsuit}$ is not a local ring, the neighbour (or parallel) relation is not an equivalence relation so that the sets of neighbour points to two distant points overlap. There are nine neighbour points to any point of the line, forming three disjoint families under the reduction modulo either of two maximal ideals of the ring. Two of the families contain four points each and they swap their roles when switching from one ideal to the other; the points of the one family merge with (the image of) the point in question, while the points of the other family go in pairs into the remaining two points of the associated ordinary projective line of order two. The single point of the remaining family is sent to the reference point under both the mappings and its existence stems from a non-trivial character of the Jacobson radical, ${\cal J}\_{\clubsuit}$, of the ring. The factor ring $\widetilde{R}\_{\clubsuit} \equiv R\_{\clubsuit}/ {\cal J}\_{\clubsuit}$ is isomorphic to GF(2) $\otimes$ GF(2). The projective line over $\widetilde{R}\_{\clubsuit}$ features nine points, each of them being surrounded by four neighbour and the same number of distant points, and any two distant points share two neighbours. These remarkable ring geometries are surmised to be of relevance for modelling entangled qubit states, to be discussed in detail in Part II of the paper.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure

Structure peculiarities of cementite and their influence on the magnetic characteristics

The iron carbide $Fe_3C$ is studied by the first-principle density functional theory. It is shown that the crystal structure with the carbon disposition in a prismatic environment has the lowest total energy and the highest energy of magnetic anisotropy as compared to the structure with carbon in an octahedron environment. This fact explains the behavior of the coercive force upon annealing of the plastically deformed samples. The appearance of carbon atoms in the octahedron environment can be revealed by Mossbauer experiment.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables. submitted to Phys.Rev.

Notas para el estudio de la política de regulación dominial de la provincia de Buenos Aires, 1990-2004

La irregularidad desde el punto de vista del dominio refiere a posesiones de inmuebles a los que se accede por vías no formales y/o en los que no se inicia o queda inconcluso el debido proceso registral, con la confección de la escritura a nombre del o los titulares del dominio. Podemos agrupar las situaciones de irregularidad dominial según tres diferentes formas de acceso al suelo (que a su vez encierran diferentes casos): la adquisición regular sin culminar el proceso registral, la ocupación directa de tierras, la compra en el mercado irregular (Clichevsky 2003). Cuando la irregularidad está referida a las condiciones urbanoambientales se trata de casos que no cumplen con las normas urbanísticas que fijan estándares mínimos de habitabilidad: son áreas habitadas emplazadas en zonas no aptas para residencia (planicies de inundación de los cursos de agua, bañados, áreas contaminadas o de pendiente pronunciada, entre otras) o de parcelas y/o construcciones que no cumplen con la normativa vigente al respecto.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Size effects in the magnetic behaviour of TbAl_2 milled alloys

The study of the magnetic properties depending upon mechanical milling of the ferromagnetic polycrystalline TbAl_2 material is reported. The Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction data reveals a decrease of the grain size down to 14 nm and -0.15 % of variation of the lattice parameter, after 300 hours of milling time. Irreversibility in the zero field cooled - field cooled (ZFC-FC) DC-susceptibility and clear peaks in the AC susceptibility between 5 and 300 K show that the long-range ferromagnetic structure is inhibited in favour of a disordered spin arrangement below 45 K. This glassy behaviour is also deduced from the variation of the irreversibility transition with the field (H^{2/3}) and frequency. The magnetization process of the bulk TbAl_2 is governed by domain wall thermal activation processes. By contrast, in the milled samples, cluster-glass properties arise as a result of cooperative interactions due to the substitutional disorder. The interactions are also influenced by the nanograin structure of the milled alloys, showing a variation of coercivity with the grain size, below the crossover between the multi- and single-domain behaviours.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures, to appear in J. Phys.: Condens. Ma

Observation of energetic terahertz pulses from relativistic solid density plasmas

We report the first experimental observation of terahertz (THz) radiation from the rear surface of a solid target while interacting with an intense laser pulse. Experimental and two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that the observed THz radiation is mostly emitted at large angles to the target normal. Numerical results point out that a large part of the emission originates from a micron-scale plasma sheath at the rear surface of the target, which is also responsible for the ion acceleration. This opens a perspective for the application of THz radiation detection for on-site diagnostics of particle acceleration in laser-produced plasmas

Trade openness, income levels, and economic growth: the case of developing countries, 1970–2009.

This paper attempts to investigate the extent to which trade openness has had an impact on the levels of income and rates of growth in a sample of 115 developing countries for the period 1970–2009. Additionally, to assess whether there is an income level threshold for a country to benefit from international trade, the sample is broken down into three mutually exclusive groups of countries: low-income, lower middle-income, and upper middleincome countries. The main novelty of the paper lies on the use, on the one hand, of a new and better trade openness measure and, on the other hand, of non-stationary heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques to cope with the problem of cross-sectional dependence. The results show a positive bidirectional relationship between trade openness and income level in the long run, thus suggesting that trade openness is both a cause and a consequence of the level of income. The results for the short run, that is, the link between openness growth and economic growth, go in the same direction

A Further Examination of the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis

This paper challenges the common view that exports generally contribute more to GDP growth than a pure change in export volume, as the export-led growth hypothesis predicts. Applying panel cointegration techniques to a production function with non-export GDP as the dependent variable, we find for a sample of 45 developing countries that: (i) exports have a positive short-run effect on non-export GDP and vice versa (short-run bidirectional causality), (ii) the long-run effect of exports on non-export output, however, is negative on average, but (iii) there are large differences in the longrun effect of exports on non-export GDP across countries. Cross-sectional regressions indicate that these cross-country differences in the long-run effect of exports on nonexport GDP are significantly negatively related to cross-country differences in primary export dependence and business and labor market regulation. In contrast, there is no significant association between the growth effect of exports and the capacity of a country to absorb new knowledge